Fluid energy apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

A preferred embodiment includes a system for power generation through movement of fluid having a variety of configurations and implementations. One preferred embodiment includes a system for power generation through movement of fluid includes a power generating cell with a generally cylindrical housing a ring for rotating disposed in said housing, one or more impellers fixedly coupled to said ring, and a generator operably coupled to said ring for receiving energy from the one or more impellers in which fluid is disposed about one or more impellers for creating energy.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No.11/446,497, filed 2 Jun. 2006, titled “A Machine and System for PowerGeneration Through Movement of Water,” which is a continuation in partof U.S. application Ser. No. 11/137,002, filed 25 May 2005, titled “AMachine and System for Power Generation Through Movement of Water,”which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/851,604 whichissued on 18 Oct. 2005 under U.S. Pat. No. 6,955,049, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/474,051, filed 29 May2003, titled “Machine and System for Power Generation Through Movementof Water.”

This application also claims Priority to: 1.) U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/920,255, filed 27 Mar. 2007, titled “Methods andApparatus for Improved Turbine Pressure and Pressure Drop Control”pending as U.S. application Ser. No. 12/079,277 Filed 13 Nov. 2007; 2.)U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/859,789, filed 17 Nov. 2006, titled“Methods and Apparatus for Improved Hydropower System”; pending as U.S.application Ser. No. 11/983,989 Filed 13 Nov. 2007; 3.) U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/934,369, filed 13 Jun. 2007, titled “Methods andApparatus for Improved Hydropower System Using Turbine Head Potential”pending as U.S. application Ser. No. 12/157,396 filed 10 Jun. 2008 4.)U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/995,774, filed 28 Sep. 2007, titled“A Machine For Increased Hydro Power Generation and Process for OptimalControl of Pressure Drop Across An In Situ Ducted Hydro Kinetic Turbine”pending as U.S. application Ser. No. 12/286,009; 5.) U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/063,555, filed 4 Feb. 2008, titled “Low Cost SemiRigid Hydrokinetic Rotor and Unit;” 6.) U.S. Provisional Application No.61/063,512, filed 4 Feb. 2008, titled “Current or Wave Based MultipleGenerator System for Maximizing Energy Production;” 7.) U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/063,556, filed 4 Feb. 2008, titled, “Methods andApparatus for Improved Hydropower System Using Hydrokinetic UpstreamFlow;” 8.) U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/065,924, filed 18 Feb.2008, titled “Pressurized Hydrokinetic Generator Housing;” 9.) U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/065, 925, filed 18 Feb. 2008, titled,“Advanced Design For Shrouded Hydrokinetic Turbines;” 10.) U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/065,963, filed 18 Feb. 2008, titled,“Speed Increaser for Use in Hydrokinetic Applications;” 11.) U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/135,274 filed 18 Jul. 2008, titled“Application of Ducted Hydropower System at Cooling Water Discharge inThermal Power Plants for Lost Energy Recovery and A System forGenerating Power From a Non-Hydro Powered Lock and Dam” and 12.) U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/190,360 filed 28 Aug. 2008 titled“Mineshaft and Excavation Site Hydrokinetic and Head Based EnergyExtraction Method and System.”

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems that generate power. Inparticular, the present invention relates to systems that generate powerthrough movement of fluid.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Conventional power generation systems have a wide variety of flaws. Mostare positioned within or near a moving fluid, are statically affixed inan immovable direction, and require cost prohibitive maintenance. Astime passes and various components of power generation systems aresubjected to the elements, components break down and fail. Componentfailure is often problematic and can lead to catastrophic consequences,both in terms of cost of repair and lost power generation revenues. Mostof the time, partial if not complete diversion of a fluid flow isrequired. Moving air streams, rivers, dams, and sometimes portions ofseas are required to be shut down or temporarily diverted in order tosafely and properly remove damaged or antiquated components.

Diversion is necessary because certain power generation systems oftenincorporate numerous immovable and non-interchangeable components suchas turbines and rotors. More often than not, turbines and rotors arepermanently affixed to rotate in a single location and confined to alimited orientation. Frequently, turbines, turbine vanes, rotors,impellers and associated components cannot be removed from servicewithout destroying an entire power generation system or to access thecomponent in need of repair requires unnecessarily removing a portion ofa power generation system that does not require removal. Further, powergeneration system components are rarely designed with partial failure inmind so as to allow a component to keep functioning while a portion ofit or another component begins to break down.

Also, most power generation systems are not designed to account forshifts or alteration of fluid flow currents independent of the cause ofthat alteration. This is problematic, because over time, as manmade andnatural fluid flows shift, various power generation systems areincapable of adapting to alterations in various flow regimes. As seasonschange and air streams and rivers streams and ocean currents like thegulfstream experiences natural path shifts the optimal efficiency ofpower generation change can no longer be attained. Thus, attainingmaximum efficiency from a moving fluid is not easily attained byshifting or moving a turbine, a turbine vane, a rotor, ducting,associate component or diverting the direction of a flow altogether.

Some power generation systems which can be relocated, no longer complywith newly enacted regulations, because of their implementation prior toinstallation of the turbine. While retrofitting existing turbines canprovide a work around to avoid costly replacement, unfortunately theenvironments in which turbines are located often do not easilyaccommodate retrofitting. Government standards, industry regulation, andthe overall expense of relocating both power generation systems makemost solutions virtually impractical. Thus, one is left to little or norecourse without updating or changing various components of variouspower generation systems. Unfortunately, the physical configurations ofmost power generation systems do not allow for simplistic modificationssuch as interchanging individual turbine vanes, altering turbine vaneorientation, shifting fin direction, dynamic positioning andrepositioning of the ducting and shrouding, as well as othermodifications to the various components of power generation systems. Inpower generation systems which fluid flow is controllable and can beisolated, such as hydropower facilities on lock and dam systems,turbines are often fixed in locations which do not always attain maximumefficiency of a fluid flow.

For example, most are reluctant to retrofit any existing turbine systemwithin a lock door. Damage to a lock door is costly and can shut down anentire canal or river navigation if damage occurs to a component of thedoor rather than to the lock itself. Thus, present hydropower generatingsystems are implemented into the sides of a canal or dam for rivernavigation, with auxiliary flow turbines and fluid diverters alsoinstalled in the canals or dam for river navigation in the event aturbine breaks down. Further, most are reluctant to implement existingturbine designs within or upon a lock door, since turbine breakdownoften leaves no room for repair, and can potentially shut down entirecanal or river navigation operations. Thus, there exists a need for afluid generating system than can be retrofit into existing lock and damsystems. Due to various fluid flow exposures, turbine vanes, sometimesreferred to as turbine fan blades in certain applications, are subjectedto various force and torque loads, including substantial amounts oftorsion and shear. Though turbines vanes can be made of high strengthmaterials they are often cost prohibitive. Instead, turbine vanes areoften made of inexpensive metals. However, when various fluids andobjects come into contact with turbine vanes, the vanes can becomedeformed or even break entirely. While turbine vanes may be made of avariety of materials including various high strength composites, thelonger the vane, the more torque that is applied to the end of theturbine fan blade and the more likely it is to fail due to overloading,excessive torsion, or too great of exposure to shear load. Turbine vanesoften fail to accommodate for failure that one portion of the vane maybe subjected to greater stress and strain, depending on its length anddistance from an axial location. When turbine vanes are damaged, theyfrequently deform and are either non functional or inefficiently producepower from moving fluid. Sufficient damage to turbine vanes can requirethe turbine be removed from service altogether.

Turbine vanes are often exposed to uncontrollable fluids which aredifficult to prevent from flowing towards a turbine vane. Since turbinevanes are exposed various flowing fluids, in the an absence of a brakingsystem, turbines are often are self propelled by the fluid they areimmersed in and can be difficult to slow down or stop entirely whenservice is needed. Numerous options have been employed to includingremoving a vane from service while in operation including installingbraking systems and other flow diverting or blocking mechanisms whichprevent fluid from significant contact with a turbine vane. Yet becausebraking systems can fail, turbine vanes can potentially rotateuncontrollably.

Due to various fluid flow fluctuations, common power generation systemsare not able to fully adapt or account for such changes. For example,when fluid velocity speed increases beyond fluid to power conversiondesign rates, components within power generation systems can only rotateat maximum rotor speed. When turbine vanes cannot exceed its designedrate, generated power from a fluid medium is nevertheless lost, and therotor is subjected to unnecessary and unintended wear and tear. Further,components such as speed increasers, which are costly and can optimallybe configured at various gear ratios in some preferred embodiments at20:1 and 60:1. While some speed increasers can be geared to greaterratios to attain slightly better results, overall, when speed increasersare employed in turbine type settings they are not employed to attainoptimal efficiency but rather to get the generator speed to the nominalload point which has the highest efficiency.

Power generation systems are often subjected to variable climates andtemperature changes. Power generation systems located in northern andArctic locations are routinely subjected to ice laden water and air.When temperatures drop low enough and entire lakes, rivers, and streamscan freeze entirely often preventing a power generation system fromoperation. Power generation systems immersed in such fluids and whichexperience cold temperatures can have components damaged or destroyed.Turbine vane expansion and contraction leads to physical material flaws,and losses in shear strength, while various seals often crack, expand,and contract beyond safety factor and design limitations. While cranescan be employed to remove hydropower units from water, this process iscostly, inefficient and economically impractical. Once generators havebeen removed from a generation location in frozen waterways, repair andmaintenance is costly, while unnecessary downtime is experienced.

Further, the physical composition of most power generation systems andtheir components fails to account for portability and the environmentalconcerns of the present day. To prevent damage to power generationsystems, their components are often made of inflexible, rigid, andgenerally hard material for the purpose of withstanding collisions aswell as various objects flowing through fluids such as air and water. Asa result, most power generation systems include large turbine systemsthat are bulky, cannot be moved easily, and are incompatible whensimultaneously subjected to multiple fluids such as water and air. Thus,turbines are rarely attached to movable vehicles, such as floatingplatforms, semi-submersible vehicles, fully submersible vehicles, hotair balloons, airplanes, and other readily movable apparatuses and othervehicles and devices that can be independently suspended in fluids suchas water and air.

Thus a need exists for power generation systems, turbines, turbinevanes, rotors, ducting, diffusers, runners, speed increasers, along withvarious other components that are readily movable, interchangeable,modular and capable of being subjected to various fluid flow regimesallowable for selectively accommodating a wide variety of fluid flowconditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiment are provided herein.It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may beembodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed hereinare not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a representativebasis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the presentinvention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure ormanner.

Turning now to FIG. 1, there is shown a graph depicting average or meancurrent velocity 2 as a function of water depth 4 in the ocean deepwaterzone. It is observed that velocity is relatively constant in deepwaterzones, between some upper and lower limits, and for certain purposes maybe a source of water energy applicable to the present invention. TheGulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean and Kuroshio Current in the PacificOcean provide examples of steady deepwater current that the presentinvention could utilize to drive a plurality of cells arrayed as furtherdescribed herein. However, in a deepwater zone, it is difficult toharness the water power and maintain an array of power generating units.In contrast, the water movement in a breakwater zone, a non electrifiedreservoir, a river or aqueduct are more amenable to the advantages andbenefits of the current invention.

FIG. 2 shows a graph depicting water velocity 6 as a function of waterdepth 8 in an ocean's breakwater zone. It is observed that as waterdepth decreases, i.e. as the wave approaches the shore, the velocity ofthe water increases to dissipate the energy contained in the wave. Thisprovides a ready and renewable source of energy for an array of cells ofthe type described herein. As will be more fully appreciated below, thepresence of shoreline energy capturing systems as shown herein, benefitfrom this phenomenon to create cheap and reliable energy. This methodwill work for any accessible moving body of water with fairly constantvelocity for a given cross sectional area.

FIG. 3 shows an array set 10 that are aligned in a preferred embodimentof the present invention. Array set 10 is comprised of a series ofindividual arrays 14, which are deployed in the breakwater zone parallelto a beach 12 in an ocean's breakwater zone to receive the movement oftidal water. Such arrays could be aligned transverse to the flow of ariver to take advantage of the prevailing current, in a deepwater zonethat might benefit from a current movement or in other locations to takeadvantage of localized current. Each array 14 is a series of stackedenergy cells that are driven individually by the movement of waterthrough energy cells that are stacked together in some fashion. Thecells are interconnected through an electricity connection tray (seeFIG. 8) so that each array set 10 generates a summing of electricalenergy from the energy cells. The array set 30 is then eventuallyconnected to the power grid.

FIG. 4 shows a side view of a single stack 16 of energy cells 42 in alarger array as depicted in FIG. 3. FIG. 4 shows a single stack 16 ofenergy cells 18 for reception of unidirectional water flow in adeepwater zone or river, or even a breakwater zone. As water flowsacross the energy cells shown by left pointing arrows 20, energy cells18 receive kinetic energy which in turn generates power. The individualenergy cells 18 are stacked and electrically interconnected at positiveand negative poles 22 to generate power that is transmitted over lines26 to an inverter or the power grid. Each individual energy cell 8 mayproduce a small amount of energy but stacks 16 of energy cells 18connected in parallel produce substantial energy. Stack 16 may be mooredat anchor 24 in the ocean floor by conventional means well known in theart. The arrays thus arranged are flexible and float in the water whileat the same time presenting themselves transverse to the water flow formaximum power generation.

A significant advantage of the modularization of the power array is theuse of small power devices which in a preferred embodiment may havepower outputs on the order of 0.001-5000 W. This permits the use ofdevices that may be significantly smaller than typical power generatingturbines on the scale of 0.001 in 3 to 50,000 in 3.

By using such small devices, the creation of a large array is greatlyfacilitated and permits the ready exchange of non-functioning deviceswithout affecting the power generation for any period of time. Suchminiaturization of the power generating devices may be termed amicro-generator or micro-device. The combination of a multiple devicesinto an array has an output when summed that is equal to a much largersingle generator.

FIG. 5 shows a single stack 28 of energy cells 30 for maximum receptionof the bi-directional water flow in a breakwater zone. As water flowsacross the energy cells 30 shown by the left and right pointing arrows32, energy cells 30 receive kinetic energy which in turn generatespower. Water flow may be through tidal action having the ebb and flow intwo directions thereby activating cells designed and positioned tobenefit from both directions of water movement. FIG. 5 shows a side viewof one stack 28 of cells 30 in a larger array as depicted in FIG. 3 withthe cells electrically interconnected by positive and negative poles 34in similar fashion as described in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 show a side view of a single cell impeller 36 having a pluralityof fins (see FIG. 7) for converting kinetic energy into electricalenergy. The individual cell is configured for electrical connections 38to other cells in parallel fashion creating a cumulative powergeneration. The impeller 36 (or turbine) is situated in a housing thatis properly configured to generate electricity. The housing has a crossbrace (depicted in FIG. 7) for added stability. The generator is createdby having magnets or magnetic material positioned in the housing for theblades and positioning windings in the housing surrounding the impeller36. As the impeller 36 is turned by the action of the water, anelectromagnetic force is created imparting current on the windings andin turn generating electricity. By configuring the cells in parallelelectrical connections, the small amount of energy generated by anindividual cell are added together to produce a larger amount ofelectrical energy.

In a preferred embodiment using conventional polymer fabrication meanswell known in the art, turbines and housings may be manufactured wheremagnetic polymers or magneto polymers are used to replace standardmagnets and copper windings. The amount of magnetic polymer or magnetopolymer used and its proper location are a function of the degree ofmagnetic attraction desired for the particular application. Magneticforces and conductivity sufficient to generate the wattages desiredherein are achievable using such materials and result in a generatorthat is lightweight and impermeable to the corrosive forces of water.

A single turbine may be fitted with independent blade rings 40 to allowextraction of maximum work along the longitudinal axis and the turbinemay be tapered along its outer circumference 42 to increase velocity offlow due to the constricting of the nozzle in the turbine.

FIG. 7 shows an end view of a single turbine housing 44 and impeller 46with a plurality of fan blades 48, beneficial for capturing the maximumamount of energy from the movement of water. Cross brace 50 providesadded stability.

FIG. 8 shows an electricity connection tray 80 for affixing multiplecell stacks to create the larger arrays shown in FIG. 3. Tray 56 haselectrical post channels positive 53 and negative 54 for makingelectrical connection to the stack of cells. Each group of verticallystacked cells is placed on a tray. First vertical stack 55, Secondvertical stack 56 and N vertical stack 58 is placed one next to theother in electrical parallel connections 53 and 54 and in turn, theadjoining stacks of cells are electrically interconnected through thestacking base. As can readily be seen, tray 52 may accommodate aplurality of vertical stacks all electrically interconnected. Thus, anynumber of vertical stacks may be arrayed in this fashion and each stackmay be of any of a number of cells as desired for the particularapplication. Such a polymer transfer plate may be mounted on the top ofa plurality of cells for additional stacking, to provide electricalinterconnection and thus permit transfer of power from an array to arectifier/inverter and then to a grid. This arrangement permits readyinstallation and ease of repair.

FIG. 9A shows a perspective view of cell array 62 having a plurality ofcells aligned to either to receive the flow of water from the ocean side64 or to receive the flow of water from the beach side 66. By arrangingthe cells in this fashion, individual cells are positioned to maximallyconvert the kinetic energy from the ebb and flow of the water. In thisembodiment a particular cell is aligned either in one direction or theother and its power generating turbine spins optimally when receivingthe direction of flow for which it was designed.

FIG. 9B shows a side view of an overall arrangement of cells forreceiving bi-directional flow in a stack of cells that are electricallyinterconnected as herein described. The stacks are preferably mounted onsturdy but lightweight housings 65 to resist the flow of ocean water andmaintain stability in inclement weather. The array of cells may beaffixed to the ocean floor by anchor 67 to provide greater stability. Afloatation device 68 may be employed for orientation and locationpurposes. The cells are preferably mounted on stack trays to create anarray and then are electrically summed through the operation of theelectrical connection to generate power which is transmitted onward. Theaccumulated energy produced from the array of cells may be conveyedthrough conventional wire 69 means to a grid, through superconductingcable, or other electrical conveyance means well known in the art.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D show views of a conical turbine generatorhaving central shaft 70 and disposed about the shaft are a plurality ofimpeller blades in multiple stages such as stage 71. In certainembodiments, it may be preferable to have a single stage. The impellerhousing has magnets 72 inserted therein or magnetic polymer imbedded inthe housing. The exterior housing 75 of the turbine has terminal passthrough electrical connectors 73 and a rigid support 74, which allowsfor stacking of individual units. FIG. 10D also shows an electricitycollection tray 77 for creating an array of cells. The tray haselectrical connections through copper wire or conductive polymer 76. Aninnovative construction of the turbines is achieved by the use ofpolymers for use in polymer molds for mass production of each individualturbine. The magnetic elements of the turbine will have embedded in theturbine one of a variety of materials among them ferrous, ceramic,magnetic polymer (magneto polymer) or rare earth magnets (NdFeB) types.The use of electrically conductive polymer for cathode and anode withinembedded transmission system in device and device array reduces weightand makes the manufacture of small turbines efficient and economical.Further, the use of such turbines will create zero production of CO2,CO, NOx, SOx, or ozone precursors during power generation. The impellerdesign shown in FIG. 10 is engineered in polymer to extract maximum workin tandem use with a converging housing or nozzle.

Use of polymers for corrosion resistance, low cost manufacturing, massproduction and use of polymers for impeller blades or for multiple butindependent impellers may be used as well as the use of polymers for usein polymer molds for mass production and the use of the following magnettypes in a polymer generator for use in generating power from the ocean:ferrous, ceramic, magnetic polymer (magneto polymer) or rare earthmagnets (NdFeB) types. Further electrically conductive polymer forcathode and anode within embedded transmission system may be used in thedevice and device array.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show a side and front/back view of a turbine generatorhaving a plurality of impellers in several stages. In certainembodiments, it may be preferable to have a single stage to extractenergy. The turbine is housed in an electrically interconnectable base77 to allow for stacking of multiple cells in a vertical fashion and aspart of a larger array. The cross brace 78 provides added support.Copper wire windings 79 and 80 or conductive polymer windings inalternative embodiments are configured about the impeller to producecurrent when magnets or magnetic material imbedded in the impellerhousing spin with the turbine impeller producing magnetic flux.

FIG. 12 show a group of arrays 82 of power generating cells electricallyconnected to the grid 83. The arrays are aligned at right angles to theflow of ocean tide and are electrically connected in parallel. Floats 84are provided at the top of the arrays for alignment, location andtracking purposes. In a preferred embodiment the arrays are located nearthe breakwater point to capture the maximum amount of energy near theshore.

FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of the hydraulic pump system accordingto a preferred embodiment of the invention. Water from a river, dam,spillway, or other source, be it kinetic or head based, flows into theturbine housing from direction 102 toward turbine section 104. As watermoves through turbine section 104, it drives turbine blade 106 whichgenerates rotational mechanical power to gearbox 108. Gearbox 108 (whichmay contain gear ratio to increase the rotational rate of the shaft) inturn drives shaft 110 connected to hydraulic pump 112 for the creationof high pressure hydraulic fluid. Valve 114 transfers high pressurehydraulic fluid through valves 114 and 117 which are connected via ahigh pressure hydraulic fluid manifold to a hydraulic motor (not shown)for further conversion of power from high pressure fluid to a generatorto generate electricity. The hydraulic pump and valves are positioned onplatform 118 (which may be a temporary platform including barges andboats.) which floats on the surface of the body of water that providesthe water power. In one embodiment, a single turbine and hydraulic pumpcould provide hydraulic power to the hydraulic motor and then to thegenerator. In another configuration, a series of interconnected turbinesand pumps could be utilized.

In a preferred embodiment, platform 118 could be fixed by anchoring tothe ground below the water or attaching to a structure already in placewhich is driven into the ground below the water (for example a piling ofa dock). Valves are supported on platform 118 by stanchions 116 and 120and are interconnected with other hydraulic pumps on separate platformsin parallel or series fashion depending on the desired performance ofthe overall system. In one embodiment, a group of pumps and turbines canbe configured to work in conjunction with each other and depending onthe valve arrangements, valve 122 can be temporarily or permanentlyconfigured to bypass hydraulic pump 112 for servicing or if it needs tobe taken off line for repair while at the same time maintainingoperation of the other pumps on the platform or other platforms. Theturbines may be of any of a variety of well known configuration in theart such as a dual ducting venture design or non-ducted or single ducteddepending on the application. The use of a series of interconnectedturbine and hydraulic pumps allows for retrofit applications to floodcontrol dams, recreational bodies of water created by dams, dam gates,spillways and other already pre-existing systems. In addition, an arrayof turbines and pumps could be used in tidal or ocean current settings,river current or in aqueducts and irrigation canals or effluentdischarge from a man made orifice or pipe.

FIG. 14 shows a schematic diagram of a system of hydraulic pumps inparallel in a manner to transfer water generated energy from a series ofturbines like that shown in FIG. 13. Hydraulic power in the form ofpressurized fluid is transferred from the series of pumps 120 through acontrol governor 122 into a hydraulic motor 124. The output of thehydraulic motor is in turn applied to a generator 126 preferably an ACinduction generator having high efficiency. The hydraulic pumps may bethe only portion of the overall system that are suspended over the waterderiving their power from water driven turbines. This helps in reducedmaintenance, reduced operational costs, and aids in disengagement ofindividual hydraulic pumps for servicing and repair. It further reducesthe servicing and repair needs since the pumps are not in the wateritself. An array of pumps 120 can be configured in any of a variety ofmanners to best utilize the flow of the water and to fit anyparticularities of the terrain.

FIG. 15 shows an enlarged view of the hydraulic system according to apreferred embodiment of the invention using an array of hydraulic pumpson floating platforms. Pump 140 is fed with low pressure hydraulic fluidthrough line 141 which is a common manifold that delivers hydraulicfluid to the pump from a reservoir (not shown). High pressure hydraulicfluid is in turn generated through line 143 and passes through governorvalve (not shown) and is tied into other high pressure fluid from otherpumps through a series of valves which are connected to the manifoldthat interconnects all of the hydraulic pumps. Governor valve (notshown) permits better synchronization of the generator with the grid bycontrolling the connected hydraulic motor between the pump and thehydraulic motor on the array. These may be computer controlled forbetter efficiency in a manner well known in the art. Valves 142 and 149are positioned on low pressure inlet and high pressure outlet to isolatehydraulic pump 140 in the event it needs to be taken off line forservicing or repair. Bridge line 146 is preferably flexible (such asflexible high pressure hose) as it provides a connection betweenplatform 154 and platform 156 which are hydraulically separable throughthe low pressure bypass valves 147 and high pressure bypass valve (notshown). It further provides a moveable and flexible hydraulic line topermit independent movement of the platforms 154 and 156 relative toeach other while positioned in the water.

FIG. 16 shows an array of floating hydraulic pumps interconnected toeach other and the generator and hydraulic motor on land via tetherlines which also support the low pressure and high pressure hydrauliclines to and from the land and array. Platforms 168, 170 and 172 supporthydraulic pumps configured as shown in FIG. 15. Low pressure line 162which may be supported by a tether line or cable feeds hydraulic fluidat a low pressure to provide feed fluid for the hydraulic pumps. Highpressure fluid is in turn generated from the pumps through high pressureline 164 supported by a tether line or cable, through the governor valve(on land, not shown) into a hydraulic motor which in turn is connectedto an synchronous AC induction generator. The hydraulic pumps are drivenby turbines that are suspended below the water from the platform (butcould be anchored to the ground beneath the water).

The high efficiency synchronous AC induction generator (or othergenerator type) converts the mechanical energy of rotation intoelectricity based on electromagnetic induction. An electric voltage(electromotive force) is induced in a conducting loop (or coil) whenthere is a change in the number of magnetic field lines (or magneticflux) passing through the loop. When the loop is closed by connectingthe ends through an external load, the induced voltage will cause anelectric current to flow through the loop and load. Thus rotationalenergy is converted into electrical energy. The induction generatorproduces AC voltage that is reasonably sinusoidal and can be rectifiedeasily to produce a constant DC voltage. Additionally, the AC voltagecan be stepped up or down using a transformer to provide multiple levelsof voltages if required.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show placement of the system according to a preferredembodiment of the invention in a spillway or dam. FIG. 17A shows dam 180in front of body of water 182. Spillway 184 permits the flow of waterthrough, a channel to engage turbines 186 and 188. Although only twoturbines are shown, there may be any of a number of turbines dependingon the size of the spillway and they could be arrayed in a plurality oflocations in the spillway with hydraulically interconnected pumps drivenby turbines. Hydraulic pumps 181 and 183 are positioned on the dam toreceive rotational energy from the turbines which in turn generatehydraulic power through a hydraulic motor (not shown) to a generator184. The turbines and pumps may be arrayed in any number depending onthe application or the configuration of the dam. The turbines and pumpsmay be arranged in parallel or serial fashion but are preferablyinterconnected to maximize power. Further, by placing the hydraulicpumps outside of the flow of water, they may be easily interchanged,serviced or repaired without taking the entire system down as shown bythe hydraulic bypass system in FIG. 15. FIG. 17B shows a side view ofturbines 194, 196 and 198 positioned in the channel 192 which receiveshead water power from water source 190 as the water traverses downchannel 192, it passes through turbine 194. As water passes throughturbine 194 it cascades down the channel as water 195 which builds upbehind turbine 196 to generate water power. Water that has passedthrough turbine 196 cascades as water 197 which in turn builds up andprovides water power for turbine 198. Each of the turbines 194, 196 and198 are connected to hydraulic pumps which are connected to a commonmanifold for generation of high pressure hydraulic fluid which in turnpasses through a governor valve then drives a hydraulic motor andinduction electric generator for the generation of electric power.

Referring now to FIG. 18, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200, including a translationally adjustable sled 202, a powergenerating cell 204 fixedly coupled to the translationally adjustablesled 202, power grid distribution 206 electrically connected totransformer 201 and a transmission line 208 operationally connecting thepower generating cell 204 and the power grid distribution through saidtransformer is illustrated according to a preferred embodiment of thepresent application. Power generating cell 204 receives fluid energyfrom a fluid medium 203 and transmits power to the power grid 206 viatransmission line 208. In this particular embodiment, power generatingcell 204 is a turbine. Tethering mechanism 210 operatively connects totranslationally adjustable sled 202 for adjusting the location oftranslationally adjustable sled 202. A vehicle 212 (or a large winch inanother preferred embodiment) connects to tethering mechanism 210 foradjusting the location of the translationally adjustable sled 202. In anembodiment of the present application, tethering mechanism 210 is acable, fluid medium 203 is water, and vehicle 212 is a heavy duty truckor tractor type automobile. Tethering mechanism 210 is employed tophysically connect translationally adjustable sled 202 to a controlmember not shown. Control could be achieved by human intervention orautomated system well known in the art. Tethering mechanism 210 extendsfrom an end of translationally adjustable sled 202 and connects to afixed aperture disposed about vehicle 212 which allows for adjusting thelocation of translationally adjustable sled 202. In this particularembodiment tethering mechanism 210 is proximally disposed between an endof vehicle 212 and translationally adjustable sled 202. In analternative embodiment, one or more tethering mechanisms 210 may bedisposed about various locations of both vehicle 212 and translationallyadjustable sled 202. For example, a tethering mechanism may be attachedto an end of translationally adjustable sled 202, while anothertethering mechanism may be attached to a side of translationallyadjustable sled 202. Each of the tethering mechanisms may be adjustedindividually or in combination to adjust the location of thetranslationally adjustable sled. In another example, a tetheringmechanism may be connected to an end of translationally adjustable sled,while another tethering mechanism may be connected to a bottom or a topof translationally adjustable sled. Tethering mechanisms may be adjustedindividually or in combination to adjust both the horizontal andvertical location of translationally adjustable sled. In certainpreferred embodiments, translationally adjustable sled may be engaged toa conveyor belt, roller system, track or other land-based system tofacilitate movement of the sled once removed from the water.

In other embodiments, tethering mechanisms may be connected to one ormore vehicles. In certain embodiments tethering mechanisms mayoptionally include electrical or hydraulic communication between one ormore sleds. In certain embodiments, tethering mechanisms may be rigid,semi-rigid, or non-rigid. Tethering mechanisms may be a single rigidbody, such as an I-beam, or tethering mechanism may be of a non-rigidbody, such as a rope. Tethering mechanisms may also be a semi-rigid bodysuch as a cable. Tethering mechanisms may be permanently coupled orremovably coupled to vehicle and to translationally adjustable sleds.

Tethering mechanism 210 remains partially disposed between land,shoreline or bank 214 and fluid medium 203. In certain embodiments,tethering mechanism 210 may remain permanently affixed totranslationally adjustable sled 202 and surface 214 or alternatively,may be removably attached to translationally adjustable sled 202 andsurface 214. Additionally, tethering mechanism 210 can be adapted toindependently control translationally adjustable sled 202 locatedentirely offshore, i.e. a connection to a vehicle such as a boat orbarge. Furthermore, internal C-Pumps, non-positive displacement pumps,or positive displacement pumps, may be used to control ballasting oftranslationally adjustable sled 202 to make movement and relocationeasier. The sled would include ballast compartments that could bemanually operated from the shore or automatically or though remotemanual control with electromechanical actuators and indicator/controllersystems. In this particular embodiment vehicle 212 is a truck. Vehicle212 includes a flat bed 218 which in certain embodiments may be used toremove and store translationally adjustable sled 202. Vehicle 214employs an aperture 215 formed from a single tow member 216 which allowsfor coupling tethering mechanism 210. In certain embodiments, aperture215 and single tow member 216 may be connected to a winch for adjustingthe location translationally adjustable sled 202. In certainembodiments, the winch may be able to load and offload translationallyadjustable sled 202 onto or off of vehicle 212. In other embodiments,vehicle 212 may be of another type of moving apparatus such as a train,a boat, a tank, a hot air balloon, helicopter or a blimp. In theseembodiments, tethering mechanism 210 may be connected to vehicle 212about one or more locations. In certain embodiments, vehicle 212 may beable to move freely, such as by automobile which has tires or a boatwith a motor, while in other embodiments, vehicle 212 may be constrainedto translating along a controlled axis, such as a train moving alongrails.

Translationally adjustable sled 202 includes a substantially hollowportions 205 and 207 capable of receiving and releasing ballast. Ballastmay be used to both raise and lower translationally adjustable sled 202in a fluid medium. Ballast may be used to adjust translationallyadjustable sled 202 along X-Y, Y-Z, or X-Z planes or any combinationthereof. Translationally adjustable sled 202, may be disposed in andsurrounded by fluid medium 203 while disposed below rigid body 209. Anopening 211 exists along rigid body 209 to allow for the release oftranslationnally adjustable sled 202. Ice may form rigid body 209.Translationally adjustable sled 202 may move across the top of rigidbody 209 and below rigid body 209. In an alternative embodiment, a tubemay extend from one fluid medium to another fluid medium to allowballast to be received and released from translationally adjustablesled.

In other embodiments, power generating cell 204 may be removably coupledto translationally adjustable sled 202. In alternative embodimentstranslationally adjustable sled 202 may be floating or partiallysubmerged below, above or within fluid medium 203. When it is desirableto submerge translationally adjustable sled 202 to attain optimalgeneration, ballasting may be received by substantially hollow portions205 and 207 to partially or fully submerge translationally adjustablesled 202. When desirable to raise translationally adjustable sled 202 toa higher or lower position in fluid medium 203, ballast may released orfilled to in turn allow translationally adjustable sled 202 to be raisedor lowered in a fluid medium. Similarly, ballast may be released orreceived via substantially hollow portions 205 or 207 to movetranslationally adjustable sled 202 from one location to anotherlocation. Additionally, translationally adjustable sled 202 is capableof automatically releasing or receiving ballasting as water temperaturesincrease and decrease, in order to raise and lower translationallyadjustable sled 202 in fluid medium 203 to attain optimal powergeneration for system for power generation through movement of fluid200.

Referring now to FIG. 19, a top view of power generation cells 204affixed to translationally adjustable sled 202 as illustrated in FIG. 18is illustrated. Translationally adjustable sled 202 has a substantiallyrectangular body 220 and a substantially triangular head 222 with aproximal tip 223. In other preferred embodiments, substantiallytriangular head 222 may be rectangular or other desirable shapes.Proximal tip 223 includes a coupling mechanism for attaching tetheringmechanism 210 (shown in FIG. 18). Substantially triangular head with“V-shaped” keel in some embodiments 222 is shaped as such to allow forsmoother translation in a fluid medium. When translationally adjustablesled 202 is disposed a fluid medium, substantially triangular head 222helps to decrease drag resistance of translationally adjustable sled202.

Power generating cells 204 include ducting 224 which is oriented inconverging and diverging orientations. Ducting 224 may have any of avariety of ducting configurations, including a diverging duct on theoutlet or inlet, or both, a converging duct on the outlet, inlet orboth, or a combination of diverging and converging ducts. Because fluidmay be input into power generating cells 204 from a multitude ofdirections, ducting 224 may expand so that each of power generatingcells 204 abuts an adjacent power generating cell 204 to attain amaximum amount of fluid flow. Ducting 224 of power generating cells 204substantially curves to minimize drag exertion along the longitude oftranslationally adjustable sled 202. In an alternative embodiment, apower storage facility, such as a battery not shown may be operativelycoupled to power generating cells 204.

Referring now to FIG. 20, a side view of power generating cells 204affixed to translationally adjustable sled 202 as illustrated in FIGS.18 and 19 is illustrated. Impellers (turbine fans) 228 are disposedwithin power generating cells 204. Accordingly, substantially hollowportions 205 and 207 are disposed along sides of translationallyadjustable sled 202. Substantially hollow portions 205 and 207 areemployed for receiving and releasing ballast as necessary and serve as aballast control system. In alternative embodiments, more than or lessthan two substantially hollow portions may be employed and located aboutvarious locations of translationally adjustable sled 202. For example,in an alternative embodiment, a single substantially hollow portion maybe located along the longitudinal center of translationally adjustablesled 202 to equally disseminating ballast throughout substantiallyrectangular body 220 and substantially triangular head 222. Further,substantially hollow portions may be operatively associated withnon-communicable ballast chambers. For example, substantially hollowportions may separate the ballast communicated at substantially hollowportion 205 and substantially hollow portion 207 into two or morenon-communicable chambers. Ballast input into substantially hollowportion 205 can extend into only to only one end of translationallyadjustable sled 202 which includes substantially triangular head 222,while ballast input into substantially hollow portion 207 may extendinto a the remaining portion of translationally adjustable sled 202which extends throughout substantially rectangular body 220. Inalternative embodiments, substantially hollow portions may vary innumber and accommodate to various lengths of translationally adjustablesled 202. For example substantially hollow portions 205 and 207 mayallow for ballast to be received and released from to midpoints oftranslationally adjustable sled 202.

By including separable substantially hollow portions for ballastcommunication, the angle at which translationally adjustable sled 202 issituated can be controlled. For example, when translationally adjustablesled 202 free floats in a fluid medium, and the optimal angle for powergeneration changes due to fluid flow shifts, ballast can be received andreleased from substantially hollow portions as necessary. For example,if translationally adjustable sled 202 is disposed having top and bottomfaces oriented parallel to the horizon and the fluid flow directionchanges to thirty degrees offset from the horizon, ballast may bereleased from substantially hollow portions to rotate and orienttranslationally adjustable sled 202 at a similar angle, thus allowingpower generation cells 204 to accrue optimal amounts of fluid flow.

Planar faces of translationally adjustable sled 202 to which powergenerating cells 204 are coupled provide for a smooth horizontaltransition between substantially triangular head 222 and substantiallyrectangular body 224. Power generating cells 204 extend to a plane whichlying above substantially triangular head 222. In alternativeembodiments, substantially triangular head 222 extends to the same planewhich extends above triangular head 222 for decreasing the amount ofdrag exerted on power generating cells 204 when translationallyadjustable sled 222 is moved within fluid medium 203. Referring now toFIG. 21, a system for power generation through movement of fluid 200including a translationally adjustable sled 202, a set of collapsibleturbine vanes 230 operatively coupled to translationally adjustable sled202, longitudinally extending shaft 232, and energy transforming member234 for receiving power from the set of collapsible turbine vanes 230 isillustrated according to a preferred embodiment of the present inventionTranslationally adjustable sled 202 and longitudinally extending shaft232 cooperate to dispose the set of collapsible turbine vanes in fluidmedium 203. In alternative embodiments, sled 202 may also be surfacemounted on barges or pontoons and suspended over water for deployment ofsaid turbine blades. Further, said turbine blades may be deployed in avariety of configurations including a Kaplan, or Darrius type turbine,horizontal impact or horizontal shaft, vertical shaft or helicalorientations. In one embodiment, sled 202 may be placed over an openingon a barge or pontoon so that the turbine blades may be deployed intowater below without use of an articulating joint depending on theconfiguration of the blades.

Collapsible turbine vanes 230 are capable of collapsing to protrudethrough rigid member 209. In a preferred application, rigid member 209may be a sheet of ice. Collapsible turbine vanes 230 connect toarticulating joint 234. Articulating joint 234 extends from system forpower generation through movement of fluid 200 via longitudinallyextending shaft 232 which operably connects to generator 236 whichextends and retracts longitudinally extending shaft 232 via gearingapparatus 238. Gearing apparatus 238 allows longitudinally extendingshaft 232 to articulate substantially normal to translationallyadjustable sled 202. Longitudinally extending shaft 232 includes gearteeth 240 which operatively communicate with gearing apparatus 238. In apreferred embodiment, gearing apparatus 238 rotates along gear teeth 240which extend from longitudinally extending shaft 232 to raise and lowerlongitudinally extending shaft 232 through an aperture. In analternative embodiment, gear teeth 240 may be recessed withinlongitudinally extending shaft 232 or formed a single groove to allowgearing apparatus to rotate longitudinally extending shaft 232 and inturn raise or lower longitudinally extending shaft 232. Shaft 232 mayalso be fitted with holes 271 for placement of a set pin 269 showninserted into to relieve stress on gear 238 and gear teeth 240 onceshaft 232 is deployed to fix positioning of shaft 232 at a preferredlocation. Translationally adjustable sled 202 includes a platform 242for distributing weight away from insertion point of collapsible turbinevanes 230 and to support translationally adjustable sled 202.Substantially round members 244 are axially connected to translationallyadjustable sled 202 to provide locomotion. In the preferred embodiment,substantially round members 244 are wheels which are track mounted. Inalternative embodiments, fewer than four substantially round members 244may be employed and at adjusted to various heights relative to the rigidmember 209.

Collapsible turbine vanes 230 hingedly connect to power transfer member246 and are allowed to expand and collapse as necessary. Power transfermember 246 is disposed within longitudinally extending shaft 232 andacts to convey energy generated by collapsible turbine vanes 230 togenerator 236. A hinging mechanism connects power transfer member 246and collapsible turbine vanes 230 to allow articulation of collapsibleturbine vanes 230. Power transfer member 246 is tangentially disposedwithin longitudinally extending shaft 232 to allow power transfer member246 and longitudinally extending shaft 232 to articulate in tandem. Inalternative embodiments, shaft 232 may be arranged in a verticalorientation without an articulating joint, wherein turbine vanes 230 areperpendicular to shaft 232.

Gearing apparatus 238 includes a sprocket having teeth which correspondto other gear teeth 240 of longitudinally extending shaft 232. Incertain embodiments ridges are vertically formed along shaft 240 andextend perpendicular to teeth of gearing apparatus 238 to extend andretract collapsible turbine vanes 230 and articulating joint 234. Eachof gear teeth 240 are evenly spaced to allow gearing apparatus 238 touniformly extend and retract longitudinally extending shaft 232 aboutrigid body 209.

In operation, longitudinally extending shaft 232 raises and lowerscollapsible turbine vanes 230. Articulating joint 234 positionscollapsible turbine vanes 230 between zero and one-hundred eightydegrees relative to fluid flow 203. Collapsible turbine vanes 230 expandand collapse via hinged connections. Collapsible turbine vanes 230 areinitially positioned above rigid body 209 and in a fully collapsed andretracted position aligned parallel to longitudinally extending shaft232. As longitudinally extending shaft 232 is lowered towards fluid flow203, turbine vanes 230 penetrate rigid member 209. In summer months, orwhen ice is not present, rigid member 209 may be a barge, pontoon orother floating device for placement of sled 202. Once longitudinallyextending shaft 232 is fully lowered, articulating joint 234 may rotateand collapsible turbine vanes 230 may expand using hinged connections.To relocate system for power generation through movement of fluid 200 toanother location, collapsible turbine vanes 230 collapse via hingedconnections while articulating joint 234 positions collapsible turbinevanes 230 to extend parallel to longitudinally extending shaft 232.Longitudinally extending shaft 232 retracts via gearing apparatus 238.When collapsible turbine vanes 230 retract past rigid structure 209,substantially round members 244 allow for translation of system forpower generation through movement of fluid 200.

Referring now to FIG. 22 a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 is depicted with the longitudinally extending shaft 232retracting from rigid member 209 is illustrated. Collapsible turbinevanes 230 are fully retracted and aligned in parallel to longitudinallyextending shaft 232 and power transfer member 246. Articulating joint234 aligns collapsible turbine vanes 230 and power transfer member 246parallel to longitudinally extending shaft 232 as it retracts past rigidmember 209. Gearing apparatus 238 rotates a sprocket in a counterclockwise direction to retract longitudinally extending shaft 232 fromrigid member 209. As gearing apparatus 238 rotates, a sprocket interactswith gear teeth 240 of longitudinally extending shaft 232 to raise andlower collapsible turbine vanes 230 that are hingedly connected to powertransfer member 246 and operatively connected to longitudinallyextending shaft 232. Longitudinally extending shaft 232 is supported viabracing structure 248 which distributes the load imposed by the shafttowards substantially round members 244. In another preferredembodiment, sled 202 may be replaced with a mounting plate which can beaffixed to ice on the surface of a river, wherein said generator 236,and associated shaft and turbine vanes are mounted to the plate anddeployed through a hole in the ice below the plate.

Referring now to FIG. 23 an array of platform mounted systems forgeneration of power through movement of fluid 200 mounted along a tracksystem 250 are illustrated in plan view according to a preferredembodiment of the present application. Accordingly, four platformmounted systems for generation of power through movement of fluid 200are shown having collapsible turbine blades 230 expanded while locatedbelow a rigid member 209. Longitudinally extending shafts 232 arelowered via gearing apparatuses 238. Each platform 242 includes crossbraces 243 to distribute the load of generator 236 away from thepenetration point in rigid member 209 created by collapsible turbineblades 230. Each end of the cross braces 243 secures to an edge ofplatform 242 supporting system for generation through movement of fluid.In an alternative embodiment, other support members may be employed andplatforms 242 may take other shapes. For example, in alternativeembodiments, platforms 242 may be round, triangularly shaped, ovularlyshaped, or take any other form that allows for a load to be distributedaway from a penetration point.

Referring now to FIG. 24 a bottom view of an alternative embodiment ofcollapsible turbine vanes 230 having hydrofoils 231 rotating relative tolongitudinally extending shaft 232 and articulating mechanism (notshown) via power transfer member 246 while disposed below the rigidmember 209 through a penetration point 211 as illustrated in FIGS. 21and 22 is shown according to an embodiment of the present application.Accordingly, hydrofoils 231 are shown rotating in a generallycounter-clockwise direction of fluid flow 203 and concavely shaped.Hinged connections 213 allow for temporary stabilization of collapsibleturbine vanes 230. An articulating joint helps to vertically stabilizecollapsible turbine vanes 230 while allowing for rotation and transferof energy. In alternative embodiments collapsible turbine vanes 230rotate in a counterclockwise direction and may be convexly shaped orflat. In certain embodiments, damping mechanisms and spring dampingmechanisms may be located between collapsible turbine vanes 230 and anarticulating mechanism.

Referring now to FIG. 25 a side view of the alternate embodiment of thelongitudinally extending shaft 232, power transfer member 246, andcollapsible turbine vanes 230, shown in FIG. 24 is shown being removedfrom rigid member 209 via the penetration point 211. In this embodiment,collapsible turbine vanes 230 are capable of folding into portions viahinged connections 213 and for retracting hydrofoils 231. Hydrofoils 231fold inwards during retraction of longitudinally extending shaft 232.Collapsible turbine vanes 230 form lower partitions 233 and upperpartitions 235. Lower partitions 233 and upper partitions 235 work inunison when expanded via hinged connections 213. Hinged connections 213cause upper partitions 235 and lower partitions 233 to be of unequallengths. Both upper partitions 235 and lower partitions 233 fold inwardsand towards longitudinally extending shaft 232. Collapsible turbinevanes 230 hingedly connect to longitudinally extending shaft 246 viahinged connections 213. Both lower portions 233 and upper portionsextends from longitudinally extending shaft 232 to act as a bracingmechanism for collapsible turbine vanes 230. Scoops 231 extend fromcollapsible turbine vanes 235 for absorbing fluid energy. In thisparticular embodiment, scoops 231 align about shaft 232.

Referring now to FIG. 26, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200, including a power generating cell 204 having a roundedouter wall made of ducting 224, and one or more impellers 228 fixedlycoupled to ring 264 is illustrated according to a preferred embodimentof the present application. Ducting 224 may be of any of a variety ofconfigurations including diverging and converging combinations in theoutlet and input side of the impellers 228. Fluid is transmitted aboutthe one or more impellers 228 to cause impellers 228 to rotate inresponse. Chain member 260 fixedly couples to ring 264 for transmittingenergy caused by rotation of the one or more impellers 228. Ring 264 hasa series of teeth or grooves for engagement to chain member 260. Chainmember 260 couples to a first chain sprocket 262 and a second chainsprocket 266, which allows first chain sprocket 262 to rotate fasterthan ring 264. Ducting 224 is connected to ring 264 by energy transfermember 221 through impeller 228 which is connect to inner wall of ring264 by bolts or pins or is integrated into the manufacture of ring 264and which ducting is stable during rotation of ring 264. Chain member260 is engaged to first chain sprocket 262 and second chain sprocket 266for transference of rotational energy from the operation of impeller 228and ring 264. Second chain sprocket 266 is operably engaged to tensioner267 for maintaining constant tension on the chain. The tensioner can bemanually or automatically adjusted. A generator 270 connects to chainsprocket 262 for receiving energy from chain member 260.

In certain embodiments impellers 228 may be slip mounted to axle 221, inorder to transfer the energy via rotation by a fluid load. Additionally,axle 221 couples ducting 224 via cross bracing 272. Furthermore, in someembodiments, impellers 228 and axle 221 are formed as a singlecomponent. In certain embodiments a fluid tight housing may surround aportion of ring 264 for retaining a lubricant between chain member 260and ducting 224.

Chain member 260 couples via a mounted sprocket to an outercircumference of ring 264 for transmitting energy to generator 270. Asimpellers 228, axle 221, and ring 264 rotate in unison, chain member 260correspondingly rotates. In alternative embodiments, chain member 260may be of another type of engaging member such as a belt, a wire member,hook and loop mechanism or combination of linked mechanisms such as amechanical worm gear that may engage another member. Ring 264 preferablyincludes a mounted sprocket formed along its outer circumference, forengaging chain member 260. However, alternative coupling devices forattaching chain member 260 may be employed in alternative embodiments.For example, flat ridges, hooks, triangularly shaped tips; and othermechanisms may be engage chain member 260 that extend from ring 264. Inother embodiments, ring 264 may be engaged to a drive gear that extendsoutside the water body and engages a generator or other drive mechanismsfor power transference.

In operation, as impellers 228 rotate a moment is imposed on ring 264which acts as part of a speed increasing gear. On first chain sprocket262, the rate of rotation rate will be faster than on ring 264. Therotational rate is a function of the gear ratio of the two sprockets. Inanother embodiment additional gearing mechanisms may be operably coupledto ring 264 and disposed at various locations. For example, in anotherembodiment, additional gearing mechanisms may attach to ends of the ring264 such as direct drive gear not shown. Also, each gearing mechanismmay have a different radius than another gearing mechanism. In anotherembodiment, a plurality of sprockets or gearing mechanisms may beemployed to achieve differing gear ratios.

Referring now to FIG. 27, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200, including a power generating cell 204 having axle 221disposed within ducting 224, and one or more impellers 228 fixedlycoupled to the axle 221, and a cross brace fixedly coupling the axle 221to the ducting 224 is illustrated according to a preferred embodiment ofthe present application. Fluid is transmitted about the one or moreimpellers to cause the ring 264 to rotate in response.

A belt member 261 removably couples to the ring 264. A first pulley 263connects to the belt member 261 and connects to the generator 270 forreceiving energy from the one or more impellers 228. The belt member 261couples to the first pulley 263 to allow the first pulley 263 to rotateat a greater rate than the second pulley 265. A tensioner 267 coupled tosecond pulley 265 is disposed between first pulley 263 and second pulley265 for transferring additional energy to first pulley 263 and forselectively adding tension to belt member 261. In another embodiment,several pullies may be employed to achieve desired rotational speed ofthe generator shaft.

Referring now to FIG. 28, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 including a power generating cell 204 having ducting 224,one or more impellers 228 disposed within ducting 224, and a tensionband 280 coupled to the outer wall is illustrated according to apreferred embodiment of the present application. The tension band 280adjusts ducting 224 to impact the rotation of the one or more impellers228. A groove 264 for disposing tension band 280 is formed about alongitudinal midpoint of ducting 224. A spring member 282 is coupled totension band 280 for maintaining tension about ducting 224. In analternative embodiment, an adjustable spring member couples to thetension band 280 for altering tension imposed on ducting 224.

In operation, as impeller rotates at various degrees, tension withintension band 280 may be altered to cause ducting 224 to physicallyprevent one or more impellers 228 from rotating at an intended rate. Inturn the resulting flow increases fluid pressure within the turbine aswell as the rotation of one or more impellers 228. In certainembodiments ducting 224 may be controlled by a human or othercontrolling member.

In certain embodiments tension band 280 may be rigid, while in otherembodiments tension band 280 is flexible. In an embodiment of thepresent application tension band 280 may be fixably attached to ducting224. Groove 264 can be located along the both the inner and outercircumference of ducting 224 to provide for one or more tension bands280 to exert and release tension. As it becomes necessary to exert orrelease tension, one or more tension bands 280 may be pulled away fromor released towards ducting 224. As one or more tension bands 280 arepulled away from ducting 224, friction is exerted to cause ducting 224to contract and slow one or more impellers 228. As one or more tensionbands 280 are released from ducting 224, less friction is exerted inturn causing ducting 224 to allow one or more impellers 228 to spin andfluid to flow more freely within power generating cell 204.

In certain embodiments of the present application, one or more tensionband 280 may be operatively coupled to a motor, pulley, disc brake orother device capable of exerting and releasing tension. In oneembodiment of the present application one or more tension bands 280 mayspin and be in a quasi-continuous or fully continuous contact with ring264. As tension needs to be exerted on ring 264 a motor or pulley movesaway from power generating cell 204. As tension needs to be releasedfrom ring 264 a motor or pulley may be moved towards power generatingcell 204.

In certain embodiments of the present application, two or more tensionbands 280 may be disposed around ring 264. One tension band 280 may bedisposed about frontal edges of impellers 228 while another tension band280 may be disposed about distal edges of impellers 228. When tensionbands 280 are disposed in this manner, ring 264 can selectively allowimpellers to increase or decrease in rotation as desired. Further, eachof tension bands 280 may be optionally disposed in corresponding grooves264 to provide a guide path.

In another embodiment of the present application, tension band 280 mayoptionally include clips or grooves. As tension needs to be exerted uponducting 224, clips and or grooves may be pressed towards one another orpulled away from one another. It is intended that as clips or groovesare pushed towards one another tension is released from ducting 224. Itis further intended that as clips or grooves are pulled away from oneanother tension is exerted upon ducting 224

In certain embodiments of the present application, tension band 280 maybe made of a hard material such as metal and may be inelastic. In otherembodiments of the present application, tension band 280 may be made ofa soft material such as rubber or a high density polyethylene materialand may be elastic.

Additionally, friction can be exerted through tension band 280 in avariety of manners to impede or stop rotation. For example tension band280 may alter in material composition, such as through heating orcooling to allow for retraction of expansion of ducting 224. In analternative embodiment a caliper based system can be employed. A diskbrake may be attached directly to ducting 224 allowing physical contactto be exerted or released upon ducting 224 or ring 264 to speed up orslow down impellers 228 as desired. In another embodiment, therotational speed of the turbine may be slowed down by diverting the flowaround the unit, thereby decreasing the energy coming from the movingwater source.

In certain embodiments power generating cell 204 may include certainsafety features, including being having illumination technology coupledto various portions of flexible ducting 224 for warning of location ofpower generating cell 204 during the night time. Additionally, impellers228 may be capable of operating at extremely low speeds so that aquaticlife is not damaged during certain periods of operation. Furthercollision warning systems may be operatively associated with cell 204 sothat foreign objects, such as boats, barges, airplanes and other fluidoperating vehicles are warned of the presence of power generating cell204.

Referring now to FIG. 29, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200, having a power generating cell 204 with an inlet duct 291and a system for diverting flow 293 mounted about the inlet duct 291 ofthe power generating cell 204. Power generating cell 204 includes aninlet duct 291 which may be flexible or change shapes, a ducting 224extending from the inlet duct 291, and one or more impellers 280disposed about the inlet 291. System for diverting flow 293 mountedabout the inlet 291 of the power generating cell 204 includes a bracket292 and one or more adjustable louvers 290. One or more adjustablelouvers 290 translate to affect fluid disposed about the inlet 291.

Uprights 296 connect to the one or more adjustable louvers 290 totranslate one or more adjustable louvers 290 in unison. In thisparticular embodiment, one or more adjustable louvers 290 translate inunison via pivoting. A shifting mechanism 294 adapts to one or moreadjustable louvers 290 to remotely adjust the one or more louvers 290.In an alternative embodiment one or more adjustable louvers 290 maypivot via a controller, which may either be automated or a human. As oneor more adjustable louvers 290 translate, they tangentially align uponpivoting ninety degrees.

Referring now to FIG. 30, a top view of system for diverting flow 293including the one or more adjustable louvers 290 mounted via bracket 292as illustrated in FIG. 29 is shown. Accordingly bracket 292 of systemfor diverting flow 293 abuts the inlet duct 291 by at least two points.Because system for diverting flow 293 abuts inlet duct 291 or ispositioned some distance in front of inlet 291 and one or moreadjustable louvers 290 may pivot ninety degrees, fluid flow can beentirely diverted from power generating cell 204 and impellers 280. Eachof one or more adjustable louvers 290 is moved towards and away from aninlet to create various flow amounts. As each of one or more adjustablelouvers 290 needs to be moved, an operator can adjust each of one ormore adjustable louvers 290 to an open position, closed position, orsemi-open position. In certain embodiments each of one or moreadjustable louvers 290 is connected to other adjustable louvers 290through various means. One or more adjustable louvers 290 may bemechanically attached to one another, or in alternative embodiments, oneor more adjustable louvers 290 may be in communication with one anotherthrough electrical means. In other embodiments each of one or moreadjustable louvers 290 may be connected to one another throughelectro-mechanical means. Adjustable louvers 290 are oriented in asubstantially vertical fashion and extend around an opening by abuttinga face of an opening or are positioned some distance in front of anopening. In an alternative embodiment, each of adjustable louvers 290may be oriented in a substantially horizontal fashion. In yet anotherembodiment, two sets of one or more louvers may be employed with someoriented in a substantially horizontal fashion and the other oriented ina substantially vertical fashion.

One or more louvers 290 can be positioned in an open position, a closedposition, and positions anywhere in between open and closed. Inalternative embodiments, several of the one or more louvers 290 mayremain permanently open, permanently closed, or permanently mounted in aposition anywhere in between. In another embodiment, one or more louvers290 may close through rotating. In an alternative embodiment a series ofone or more adjustable louvers 290 may be located along an outlet. Also,the series of one or more adjustable louvers 290 may be oriented invarious fashions. For example, in alternative embodiments of the presentapplication one or more adjustable louvers 290 may be staggered oraligned in pairs, or in any other orientation or combination.

Each of one or more adjustable louvers 290 is movable along variousorientations and through various means. For example, in an embodiment,one or more adjustable louvers 290 are connected in an electricallyinterconnected array and can be moved either individually or incombination through electromechanical means. Alternatively one or moreadjustable louvers 290 can be moved via mechanical means. Also one ormore adjustable louvers 290 can be proximally disposed past at the inletof the turbine or they can be located at an offset location.Additionally, one or more adjustable louvers 290 can be operated andcommunicate with an operator via wireless signals.

Also, one or more adjustable louvers 290 can be translated or rotatedvia computer signal and the rate of their insertion can be controlled todisplace water in the most efficient way. One or more adjustable louvers290 can be inserted from an outer circumferential position towards aninner circumferential position or optionally, one or more adjustablelouvers 290 can be inserted from an inner circumferential positiontowards an outer circumferential position. One or more louvers 290 maybe moved from a proximal position to a distal position and vice versa.Additionally, one or more adjustable louvers 290 can be of a type inwhich increase flow or they may be combined into a single component thatpositions in front of the turbine to prevent flow through.

Referring now to FIG. 31, an alternative embodiment of the system fordiverting flow 293 including one or more louvers 290 and bracket 292 asshown in FIGS. 29 and 30 is illustrated. Bracket 292 includes a midpoint295 which is offset from the inlet to cause the system for divertingflow 293 to form an angle between zero and one-hundred eighty degrees.Accordingly, each of the one or more louvers 290 is fashioned in astaggered position so that when closed, they may divert fluid away froman individual power generating cell.

Referring now to FIG. 32, a system for power generation through movementof fluid having a power generating cell 204 with an inlet 291 and asystem for diverting flow 293 mounted about an inlet of power generatingcell 204. Power generating cell 204 includes an inlet 291, ducting 224extending from the inlet 291, and one or more impellers 280 disposedwithin ducting 224. System for diverting flow 293 includes a conveyingmechanism 300 and one or more louvers 290 coupled to conveying mechanism300. One or more louvers 290 translate about the inlet 291 via conveyingmechanism 300.

Referring now to FIG. 33, a power generating cell 204 having a roll uplouver mechanism 297 in a retracted manner disposed about thecircumference of power generating cell 204 is illustrated according to apreferred embodiment of the present application.

Referring now to FIG. 34, a power generating cell 204 having a roll uplouver mechanism 297 in an expanded manner disposed about thecircumference of power generating cell 204 is illustrated according topreferred embodiment of the present application.

Referring now to FIG. 35, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 having, a frame 350, a longitudinally extending pivotallymounted sub-frame 352, one or more cells 354 pivotally mounted to thesub-frame 352, and counterbalancing pinions 356 coupling the frame 350and the sub-frame 352 are illustrated according to a preferredembodiment of the present application. Fluid flow causescounterbalancing pinions 356 to resist rotation in order to optimizefluid movement in the direction of one or more cells 354. Two opposingcounterbalancing pinions 356 couple frame 350 to the subframe 352 foraxially rotating the sub-frame 352. The frame 350 remains in asubstantially fixed position possibly attached to the bottom of afloating structure or barge. In an alternative embodiment, a set of twoopposing locking pins extend from the frame 350 for engaging thesub-frame 352 in a fixed position. In another embodiment, the twoopposing counterbalancing pinions 356 are spring loaded for removablycoupling the sub-frame 352 to the longitudinally extending pivotallymounted frame 350. Frame 350 may alternatively be a portion of a bargeor pontoon for deployment of the cells 354 or an array of turbines.

Referring now to FIG. 35A, a close up view of the one or more cells 354pivotally mounted to the sub-frame 352 by pairs of pinions 358 as shownin FIG. 35 is illustrated according to a preferred embodiment of thepresent application. This applies to both a vertical or horizontalrotation.

Referring now to FIG. 36 an alternative embodiment of the system forpower generation through movement of fluid as shown in FIG. 35 isillustrated. Accordingly, the system for power generation throughmovement of fluid 200 includes a frame, a longitudinally extendingpivotally mounted sub-frame 352 having longitudinal ends 353, one ofmore cells 354 pivotally mounted to the sub-frame 352 andcounterbalancing pinions 356 coupling the frame and the sub-frame 352about the longitudinal ends 353. In certain embodiments the one or morecells 354 have variable resistances to rotation. In alternativeembodiments counterbalancing pinion 356 may receive additionalresistance to rotation, to allow one or more cells 354 to receive anoptimal amount of flow via a motor coupled to the sub-frame 352. Cells354 may be a turbine or a turbine and generator combination preferablyelectrically interconnected to produce power. In an alternativeembodiment, cells 354 may be of any of a variety of power generatingcells including turbines, hydraulic pumps, or other cells that may notbe interconnected.

Referring now to FIG. 36A, a close up view of a counterbalancing pinion356 is shown. Accordingly the counterbalancing pinion allows a sub-frame(shown in FIG. 36) to rotate between zero and one-hundred eightydegrees. Counterbalancing pinions 356 includes a guide track 355 alocking pin 357 disposed inside the guide track 355 a centralized pin359. As sub-frame 352 axially rotates due to fluid flow,counterbalancing pinion 356 provides resistance to rotation viacentralized pin 359. Locking pin 357 travels the contours of guide track355 to constrain the rotation is constrained of sub-frame 352. Rotationof the subframe 352 may also be moderated a dampening mechanism of anyof a variety such as oil dampener, spring dampener or other electricalor mechanical dampening mechanism well known in the art.

Referring now to FIG. 37, an array of the frame 350 and sub-frames 352operatively coupled to a power storage cell 355 and power storagefacility 206 via transmission lines 208, disposed in fluid medium 203 isillustrated according to a preferred embodiment of the presentapplication.

Referring now to the FIG. 38, a perspective view of a portion of aturbine vane 230 is illustrated according to a preferred embodiment ofthe present application. Turbine vane 230 includes rigid core portion237 and semi-rigid portion 239 that extends along the longitude ofturbine vane 230. Rigid core portion 237 is elongated and includes anon-uniform cross section. Semi-rigid core portion 239 surrounds andextends from rigid core portion 237.

Semi-rigid portion 239 encompasses and longitudinally extends furtherthan rigid portion 237. Rigid core portion 237 and semi-rigid portion239 extend from a shaft portion at angles ranging from zero to onehundred eighty degrees. Semi-rigid portion 239 includes at least twoside portions.

Referring now to FIG. 39 an alternate embodiment of the portion ofturbine vane 230 shown in FIG. 38 is illustrated according to apreferred embodiment of the present application. FIG. 39 illustrates aturbine vane 230 having a rigid core portion 237 and a semi-rigidportion 239 arranged such that semi-rigidi portion 239 forms a leadingedge with rigid core portion 237 arcuately along the longitude ofturbine vane 230. Semi-rigid portion 239 arcuately extends from rigidcore portion 237 to form a leading edge. In operation as objects collidewith turbine vane 230, semi-rigid portion 239 flexes to preventoverloading of turbine vane 230.

In one embodiment of the present application, turbine vane 230 may bemade entirely of a semi-rigid portion 239 that extends along thelongitude. Semi-rigid portion 239 may be made of an elastomeric materialchanges shifts in shape according to pressure and temperature variantsin a fluid flow. As water pressure shifts, semi-rigid portion 239becomes more rigid or less rigid according to the desired application.As water pressure increases, semi-rigid portion may become more rigidsuch so that turbine vane 230 my rotate at a higher speed. As waterpressure decreases, semi-rigid portion may become less rigid such.

In certain embodiments, semi-rigid portion 239 may be made of a materialthat becomes less rigid as fluid pressure and temperature increase. Forexample in the event that debris is disposed in fluid and increasingpressure would cause more debris to be shifted towards turbine vane 230,it would be advantageous to allow semi-rigid portion 239 to deform to agreater degree to prevent failure of turbine vane 230.

In other embodiments, semi-rigid portion 239 may be made of a materialthat alters in shape according to pressure and temperaturedifferentials. For example in the event that pressure increases,semi-rigid portion 239 may shift to a position that is substantiallyperpendicular to the direction of flowing fluid. In the event thatpressure decreases, semi-rigid portion 239 may shift to a position thatis less perpendicular to the direction of flowing fluid.

In alternative embodiments of the present application turbine vane 230includes rigid core portions, semi-rigid portions, and non-rigidportions arranged in various combinations. For example, in oneembodiment of the present application, turbine vane 230 includes a rigidcore portion disposed along the exterior most edge and a semi-rigidportion or non-rigid portion disposed along the interior most portion.In this embodiment, a rigid core portion 237 is provides structuralsupport for semi-rigid portion 239. Also, semi-rigid portion 239 is ableto withstand various shearing and torsion forces that rigid core portion239 is not. In another embodiment, semi-rigid portions and rigid coreportions cascade in material strength to supply variably increasingflexibility and strength and increased durability. For example,semi-rigid portions are arranged with outermost portions having thegreatest resistance to shear and torsion, while the innermost portionsare arranged having the least resistance to shear and torsion. In thisparticular embodiment, in the event of failure, inner most portionswould fail before outermost portions to allow turbine vane 230 tomaintain functionality through retaining structural integrity.

In another embodiment of the present application, semi-rigid portion 239and rigid core portions of turbine vane 230 may be disposed in a fluidsuch as air. In such an environment, turbine vane 230 is allowedsufficiently flex through semi-rigid portion 239 such that an objectdisposed in air fluid can collide with turbine vane 230, and turbinevane 230 will not shear or overload due to excessive torsion exerted onthe entire vane. An example of objects that may collide with the vaneare birds, flying debris, and a various dust particles.

In alternative embodiments, turbine vane 230 may have rigid coreportions 237, semi-rigid portions 239, and non-rigid portions coupled toturbine vane 230 in numerous manners. For example in one embodimentrigid core portion 237, semi-rigid portion 239 and a non-rigid portionmay be formed along with longitudinally extending shaft 232 as a singlecomponent. In alternative embodiments, rigid core portions 237,semi-rigid portions 239, and non-rigid core portions may be attached tolongitudinally extending shaft 232 though welding, sintering, molding,injection molding, stamping, thermosetting, cutting, prefabrication, orother attachment mechanisms including, but not limited to hooks,zippers, hook and loop material, hook and pile material, snaps, buttons,and other coupling mechanisms. In certain embodiments, rigid portion 237and semi-rigid portion 239 may be optionally made of fiberglassreinforced synthetics, laminates, elastomeric variants such as plastic,wood, glass, and other composite variations of the like.

In operation, rigid core portion 237 and semi-rigid portion 239 allowfor flexibility in various situations. Depending on the situationalenvironment in which at least one semi-rigid portion 239 and at leastone non-rigid portion of turbine vane 230 are disposed in, optional butdesigned for flexing may occur. For example, turbine vane 230 may bedisposed in a fluid such as water and at least one semi-rigid portion239 and at least one non-rigid portion may flex when water currents of aspecified velocity collide with the turbine. A typical example of thissituation would be a semi-rigid portion 239 included as part of turbinevanes 230 being disposed within a flowing river and allowed to flex whenice, components of a tree, and other materials, both natural andnon-natural collide with the various portions of a turbine vane 230. Itis intended that semi-rigid portions 239 and non-rigid portions will besufficiently flexible to prevent shearing, overexertion, and failure ofturbine vanes 230.

In a preferred embodiment of the present application, the fluid mediumis water. In yet another embodiment, fluid medium is air. In onealternative embodiment, plurality of turbine vanes 230 may include anon-rigid vane extension. In yet another alternative embodiment, turbinevanes 230 may include a rigid leading edge, a semi-rigid leading edge,or a non-rigid leading edge, along with a semi-rigid portion ornon-rigid portion. In an embodiment of the present application, at leastone rigid core portion 237 and at least one semi-rigid portion 239 maybe operatively associated with one or more ducts. In yet anotherembodiment of the present application at least one rigid core portion237 and at least one semi-rigid core portion 239 may be operativelyassociated with multiple housings. In yet another embodiment of thepresent application, at least one rigid core portion 237 and at leastone semi-rigid portion 239 may be operatively associated with multipleturbines.

In alternative embodiments, turbine vane 230 may include rigid coreportions 237, non-rigid portions, and semi-rigid portions 239 disposedin various combinations and coupled to one another through variousmeans. In certain alternative embodiments, single rigid core portions ormultiple rigid core portions may be located between single semi-rigidportions or multiple semi-rigid portions and single non-rigid portionsor multiple non-rigid portions. Similarly, in some embodiments, singlesemi-rigid portions or multiple semi-rigid portions may be disposedbetween single rigid core portions or multiple rigid core portions andsingle or multiple non-rigid portions. In yet other embodiments, singlenon-rigid portions or multiple non-rigid portions may be disposedbetween single rigid core portions or multiple rigid core portions andsingle semi-rigid portions or multiple semi-rigid portions.

Additionally, the shape and orientation of turbine vane 230, rigid coreportion 237, semi-rigid portion 239, and non-rigid portion, may differin alternative embodiments. In the present application turbine vane 230is considered as being substantially triangular. However in alternativeembodiments, turbine vane 230 may be substantially circular, square,pyramidal, ovular, or take any other form and shape. Further, inalternative embodiments rigid core portions, semi-rigid portions andnon-rigid portions may be made of various materials including ethylenepropylene diene monomer, along with various composites such aselastomers, metal alloys, and combinations of rubber natural orsynthetic.

Referring now to FIG. 40 a portion of a turbine vane 230 extending froma portion of a longitudinally extending shaft 232 and fixedly coupled toan outer circumferential support 241 and coupled to a end portion 245via bolts, pins or rivets 252. Outer circumferential support 241relieves a vast majority of the load from the edge of turbine vane 230.End portion 245 attaches to circumferential support 241 which may alsobe used as a shroud or runner in a turbine system.

Outer circumferential support 241 is fixedly attached to turbine vane230 to add strength, functionality and to transfer loads from theturbine vane 230. In embodiments in which outer circumferential support241 connects to multiple turbine vanes 230, outer circumferentialsupport 241 connects to turbine vanes 230 at approximately the sameperipheral end.

In alternative embodiments, outer circumferential support 241 couples toan inner portion of the turbine vanes 230. In yet another embodiment ofthe present application, one or more outer circumferential supports 241may couple additional portions of one or more turbine vanes 230. Outercircumferential supports 241 may selectively couple to one or moreturbine vanes 230, but need not necessarily couple to every turbinevane. One or more outer circumferential supports 241 may be defined asany device or shape that can couple to one or more turbine vanes 230.For example, in an alternative embodiment, a turbine which includesthree turbine vanes may include a triangularly shaped support thatextends between the direct most paths of each turbine vane.

In yet another embodiment of the present application, one or moreturbine vanes 230 may be attached to one another at various points.Though one or more outer circumferential supports 241 may surround andattach to the outermost portions of one or more turbine vanes 230, inalternative embodiments, one or more outer circumferential support 241may attach to each of one or more turbine vanes 230 at dissimilarlocations. For example in a turbine which includes three or more vanes,one portion of a support may extend between outermost edges of at leasttwo vanes, while another portion of a support extends between portionswhich are radially disposed closer to one another.

Referring now to FIGS. 41 and 42, a perspective and cross sectional sideviews of rivet 252 are illustrated. Accordingly rivet 252 includes apointed tip 252 a, a rounded head 252 b, a shaft 252 c with at leastthree valleys, and a washer member 252 d for distributing the loadplaced on the outer circumferential support 241 during insertion ofrivet 252. The rounded head 252 b has a larger diameter than shaft 252 cto prevent rivets from over insertion into end portion 245.

Referring now to FIG. 43, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 including a power generating cell 204 disposed in a fluidmedium 203, filtering member 217 commonly referred to as a trash rack,and an energy producing cell 219 fed through filtering member 217 isillustrated according to a preferred embodiment of the presentapplication. Power generating cell 204 is proximally disposed in frontof filtering member 217 for creating head potential and to streamline aturbulent flow. Power generating cell 204 is positioned at tangent to amember for increasing head potential 217 and is offset from the horizonfor subjecting fluid flow to indirect disposal into system for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200. Energy producing cell 219 ispositioned downstream from power generating cell 204 to receive energyfrom the filtering member 217 disposed in fluid medium 203. Powergenerating cell 204 may have any of a variety of duct configurations,including converging and diverging ducts.

Referring now to FIG. 44 an alternative embodiment of FIG. 43 depictinga system for power generation through movement of fluid 200 whichincludes a power generating cell 204 disposed in a fluid medium 203 toadvance head potential by inducing swirl in fluid medium 203 to supplyflow towards energy producing cell 219. Energy producing cell 219 isdisposed sufficiently near power generating cell 204 to receiveincreased head potential generated by the induced swirl while obviatingturbulent flow in fluid medium 203.

In a preferred embodiment of the present application, filtering member217 is a trash rack. In another embodiment of the present application,member 217 is a metal grate. In yet another embodiment of the presentapplication, member 217 may be a blocking fitting. In alternativeembodiments of the present application, member 217 may be a combinationof one or more blocking fittings to induce all flow through powergenerating cell 204, one or more blocking attachments, or one or moretrash racks.

In an alternative embodiment of the present application system for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200 may include two or more powergenerating cells 204. Each of power generating cells 204 may beoperatively associated with one power generating cell 219 via variousmeans.

In one embodiment, power generating cells 204 may be operativelyassociated with one another via mechanical attachments. For example, apower generating cell 204 can be mechanically connected to another powergenerating cell 204 for altering direction in the event of fluid flowdirection shifts. In another embodiment, power generating cell 204 canoperatively associate with one another via electrical means. In yetanother embodiment, the one or more power generating cells 204 may beoperatively associated with one another via pneumatic means. In stillanother embodiment, the one or more power generating cells 204 may beoperatively associated with one another via hydraulic means. In stillother embodiments, one or more power generating cells 204 may beoperatively associated with one another via a combination of electrical,mechanical, electromechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic means.

In an alternative embodiment of the present application, powergenerating cell 204 is mounted in locations both below and above a watertable. For example, in an embodiment of the present application powergenerating cell 204 may be disposed above sea level. In anotherembodiment of the present application, power generating cell 204 may bedisposed below the surface of the water. In yet another embodiment ofthe present application in which one or more power generating cell 204are included, system for power generation through movement of fluid 200,may include a power generating cell 204 disposed above water level whileanother power generating cell 204 is disposed below water level.

Referring now to FIG. 45, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 having a streamlined fluid flow 203 extending through powergenerating cell 204 disposed offset from the direction of a fluid flow203 passing through a member for filtering member 217 is illustrated. Inan alternative embodiment, one or more power generating cells 204 may bepositioned in a variety of locations relative to filtering member 217.For example in one embodiment, one or more power generating cells 204may be disposed substantially normal to the orientation of a fluid flow203 or a member for filtering member 217. In another embodiment, a powergenerating cell 204 is disposed substantially parallel to the directionof a fluid flow 203 or filtering member 217, while another powergenerating cell 204 is disposed substantially perpendicular to thedirection of a fluid flow 203 or member for filtering member 217. Instill other embodiments, any number of power generating cells 204 aredisposed at any angle between zero and one hundred eighty degreesrelative to fluid flow 203 or member for taking advantage of streamlinedflow. Power generating cell 204 may also be disposed relative to a fluidflow 203 such that they indirectly influence the amount of fluid flowdisseminated through filtering member 217. For example, in alternativeembodiments, power generating cells 204 may be disposed about theperimeter of filtering member 217, so that their location aloneinfluences the dissemination of fluid flow towards filtering member 217.In one embodiment, power generating cells 204 may be positioned to blockfluid flow into filtering member 217 to in effect create a Venturieffect. In another embodiment, power generating cells 204 may bepositioned to allow fluid flow 203 directly through filtering member217, such that fluid flow is not increased by the positioning andlocation of the power generating cells 204.

Referring now to FIG. 46, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 is illustrated having a power generating cell 204 disposedin a fluid flow 203, along with a longitudinally extending shaft 232,and a generator housing 247 holding generator 259. Fluid flow 203 mayalternatively be from the opposite direction than shown. Speedincreasers 249, a transmission line 251, and compressed fluid system fordisposing fluid pressure are encompassed within generator housing 247.Longitudinally extending shaft 232 enters generator-housing 247 via oneor more fluid tight seals 255 and is attached to collapsible turbinevanes 230. Compressed fluid system and generator housing 247 are inconstant communication with one another via incompressible fluid 257.

In an embodiment of the present application, incompressible fluid 257 isintroduced into generator housing 247 via a positive fluid pressuresystem. In an alternative embodiment, incompressible fluid 257 isintroduced into generator housing 247 via a non-positive displacementfluid pressure system. In a preferred embodiment, a sufficient amount offluid is introduced into generator housing 247, to oppose forces exertedon fluid tight seals 255, without conveying an overabundance orinsufficient amount of pressure also known as a hydraulic thrust bearingor seal. Incompressible fluid 257 introduced into generator housing 247,may have pressure differential that is greater than, equal to, or lessthan the pressure differential a fluid 203 located outside of generatorhousing 247. A relief valve 253 attaches to generator housing 247 toprevent over pressurizing generator housing 247 and fluid tight seals255.

Referring now to FIG. 47, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 is illustrated having a power generating cell 204 in fluidcommunication with a compressor or compressed gas or air tank (notshown) via tubing 258, is illustrated. In a preferred embodiment, tubing258 is rigid for purposes of stabilizing pressure within tubing 258. Inalternative embodiments tubing 2598 is semi-rigid or non-rigid.Additionally tubing has a substantially circular cross section, but inalternative embodiments tubing 258 may have a square, triangular,ovular, or even rectangular cross-section. In embodiments in whichtubing 258 is either semi-rigid or non-rigid, fluid pressure exerted onthe inside of tubing 258 along with fluid pressure on the outside oftubing 258, assists in preventing tubing 258 from imploding or explodingdue to pressure differential.

Tubing 258 assists in keeping generator housing stabilized so thatcollapsible turbine vanes 230 may rotate via longitudinally extendingshaft 232. Longitudinally extending shaft 232 transmits energy to speedincreasers 249. In the event that tubing 258 allows for much fluidpressure into generator housing 247, relief valve 253 opens to allowfluid to release from housing 247.

Fluid delivery to generator housing 247 is accomplished in throughvarious means. In one embodiment tubing 258 attaches to power generatingcell 204 and a compressor or compressed gas or air tank via an elongatedconnection. In another embodiment, a compressor or compressed gas or airtank locally attaches to generator housing 247. In other embodimentstubing 259 can attach between power generating cell 204 and thecompressor or compressed gas or air tank in various ways. For example,in one embodiment, ends of tubing 258 may be permanently attachedbetween power generating cell and the compressor or compressed gas orair tank via a coupling means such as welding. In other embodiments,tubing 258 may be removably attached between power generating cell andthe compressor via coupling means such as snaps, zippers, buttons,fasteners, or other temporary coupling means.

The compressor or compressed gas or air tank is preferably situated on asurface having a different pressure than that surrounding powergenerating cell 204. In alternative embodiments, the compressor orcompressed gas or air tank may float or be located along a similar orsame pressure than that of power generating cell. In one embodiment ofthe present application, the compressor or compressed gas or air tankmay be located at sea level and subjected to ambient air, while powergenerating cell is located below sea level and submersed in water. Inanother embodiment, the compressor or compressed gas or air tank may belocated at sea level and subjected to ambient air, while powergenerating cell 204 is located above sea level and surrounded by air atan altitude greater than the compressor or compressed gas or air tank.In one embodiment of the present application, a pressure relief valvemay be optionally incorporated into or attached to tubing 258 forreleasing excessive pressure. The pressure relief valve may bemechanically, electrically, electromechanically pneumatically, orhydraulically operated including by wireless commands through tubing258.

Referring now to FIG. 48, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200, including a power generating cell 204 disposed in a fluidmedium 203 for receiving kinetic energy, a longitudinally extendingshaft 232, a generator housing 247, encompassing a plurality of speedincreasers 249, a generator for producing electricity 261, a tubing 251for introducing incompressible fluid into the generator housing 247, acontroller 266 operably connected to at least one speed increaser 249,protected by a fluid tight seal 255, and a surface based compressor forsupplying fluid pressure to generator housing 247 are illustratedaccording to a preferred embodiment of the present application. Anattachment hose 229 passes through fluid medium 203 to connect theinterior of generator housing 247 and to connect to an added fluidsource such as air.

In one embodiment of the present application the fluid compressor may bemanually controlled while in another embodiment of the presentapplication, the fluid compressor may be controlled via electricalmeans. Additionally, overpressure valves may be of a mechanical type,electrically, electromechanically pneumatically, or hydraulicallyoperated including by wireless commands or an electromechanical type.

Referring now to FIG. 49 a power generating cell 204 operably suspendedfrom floating apparatus 360 via a pinion 358 and positioned forreceiving various fluid vectors while tethered to a surface viatransmission line 280 is illustrated according to a preferred embodimentof the present invention. Power generating cell 204 includescircumferentially ducting 224 which is fixedly attached to a planar sideof floating apparatus via a pinion 358 which axially shifts to receiveoptimal fluid vectors. Ducting 224 may be of any of a variety ofconfigurations including diverging and converging ducts. Ducting 224 mayalso be flexible and configurable in situ. In the preferred embodiment,floating apparatus 360 is a blimp that is suspended 40,000 feet abovesea level.

In a preferred embodiment ducting 224, both converging and diverging, isrotatably coupled to floating apparatus 360. As fluid vectors shift,ducting 224 may correspondingly rotate to optimally receive a maximumamount of fluid vectors. Pinion 358 is capable of axially shifting alongthe X-Y, X-Z, and Y-Z planes of a Cartesian coordinate system. Pinion358 may also extend and collapse to extend ducting 224 to variousheights. In an alternative embodiment, an articulating joint may beconnected to pinion 358 between ducting 224 and floating apparatus 360.

In operation as floating apparatus 360 translates, fluid vectors areconveyed towards power generating cell 204. As fluid vectors shiftducting 224 may in turn shift via pinion 358 while additionallyconverging and diverging for receiving optimal amounts of fluid. Asfluid is conveyed within ducting 224, an impeller spins and in turngenerates energy. Energy is then conveyed into transmission line 280which transmits energy to a surface location. In a preferred embodiment,transmission line 280 acts as a tethering mechanism to prohibit floatingapparatus 360 from drifting beyond control. In certain embodiments,floating apparatus 360 may be manually or automatically controlled.Similarly in certain embodiments, pinion 358 may be manually orautomatically controlled.

Referring now to FIG. 50, a schematic of a system for power generationthrough movement of fluid including an impeller 280, a longitudinallyextending shaft 232 for engaging hydraulic systems 273 and 275 which areoperatively connected to primary generator 277, and secondary generator279 according to a preferred embodiment of the present application.Impeller 280 rotates longitudinally extending shaft 232 which is in turnconnected to reduction gear box 281. Reduction gear box 281 engages apump 285 which communicates with primary generator 277 via fluid means.In the preferred embodiment, pump 285 communicates with primarygenerator 277, control valve 287, an accumulator 289, and a filter 297.As controller 299 senses that primary generator 277 is operating atcapacity, control valve 287 directs additional communicative fluidbetween pump 285 and secondary generator 279. Relief valves 288 a and288 b connected between pump 285 and control valve 287 to release fluidpressure in the event that control valve 287 fails or overloads. In thepreferred embodiment, pump 285 communicates with primary generator 277and secondary generator 279 using hydraulic fluid as communicativemedium. In another preferred embodiment, one or more hydraulic systems273 and 275 are operatively connected to one or more primary generators277 via one or more pumps 285, one or more control valves 287, and oneor more relief valves 288.

In operation, one or more pumps 285 communicate fluid with one or morevariable restrictions. Variable restrictions in turn communicate withcontrol valve 287. Control valve 287 can be of a control valve type or arelief valve type and can be disposed in numerous quantities andlocations throughout system for power generation through movement offluid. Control valve 287 directs fluid to a motor that is operativelyconnected to primary generators 277 and secondary generators 279. In apreferred embodiment, one or more primary generators 277 can bedesignated to function in low to medium volume fluid mediums while oneor more secondary generators 279 can be designated to function in highand peak volume fluid mediums.

Control valve 287 can open and close and transition to various positionsin between. In the preferred embodiment, control valves 287 may operatein only open and closed positions. However in an alternative embodiment,control valve 287 may operate in partially open, partially closed, andvarious other positions in between. For example, in the event that acontroller senses an increasing or decreasing shift in the communicativemedium, control valve 287 may partially open or close to restrict orrelease additional hydraulic fluid and in turn attain account for theshift and attain optimal generation.

In an alternative embodiment, longitudinally extending shaft 232 mayengage mechanical systems that are operatively connected to primarygenerator 277 and secondary generator 279 for producing power. In otherembodiments, longitudinally extending shaft 232 may engage pneumaticsystems that are operatively connected to primary generator 277 andsecondary generator 279. Additionally, in alternative embodiments, oneor controllers can be either manually controlled or computer controlled.

Referring now to FIGS. 51 and 52, an illustration of ducting 224 formedfrom a foldable material such is illustrated. Accordingly, ducting 224may be formed form foldable material such as steel belting or otherdurable material. The ducting 224 may be cut from a planar material intwo pieces having opposite ends of the same or different dimensions. Thematerial may then be folded along the longitudinal axis to form a ductwhereby the two ends that meet and attach to each other though welding,sintering, thermosetting, cutting, prefabrication, or other attachmentmechanisms including, but not limited to hooks, zippers, hook and loopmaterial, hook and pile material, snaps, buttons, and other couplingmechanisms.

Referring now to FIG. 53, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 having a conveying mechanism 300, uprights 370 pivotallycoupled to the conveying mechanism 300, and gears 372 tangentiallyattached to the conveying mechanism 300 for transmitting energy to oneor more power generating cells 204 is illustrated according to apreferred embodiment of the present application.

In operation, as fluid energy is absorbed by uprights 370, conveyingmechanism 300 and causes gears 372 to rotate. As uprights 370 reach aposition in which fluid energy becomes optionally inefficient to absorb,uprights 370 pivot to align substantially tangent to a surface ofconveying mechanism 300. A springing apparatus 374 attaches to at leastone side of uprights 370 for extending uprights 370. When uprights 370collapse substantially tangent along a surface of conveying mechanism300, drag is reduced. When uprights 370 remain in a positionsubstantially normal to a surface of the conveying mechanism 300 forabsorbing fluid flow, fluid energy is absorbed. In certain embodimentsgears 372 can be operatively associated with a transmission cable, fortransmitting power and information to a generator which may be eitherproximally or distally located relative to conveying mechanism 300.

Conveying mechanism 300 may be attached to gears 372 in various manners.In one embodiment, conveying mechanism 300 is operably engaged to gears372 via shaft (not shown) In another embodiment, the conveying mechanismmay be fixedly attached to gears 372 via a chain, or chain-linkcombination. In certain embodiments, conveying mechanism 300 may be aseries of chain links formed to attach to one or more gears 372.

Referring now to FIG. 53A, a close up view of an upright 370 shown inFIG. 53 is illustrated. Accordingly, uprights 370 may extend fromconveying mechanism 300 in various manners in alternative embodiments.In a preferred embodiment, uprights 370 extend from conveying mechanism300 and translate upward using springing apparatus 374 to establish aplanar surface positioned substantially normal to the direction of afluid flow. However, in alternative embodiments, uprights 370 may alsobe hingedly connected to conveying mechanism 300 to translate in anoptimal fluid flow direction relative to conveying mechanism 300. Asuprights 370 extend from conveying mechanism 300, uprights 370 may pivotin various directions relative to the flow and to the position ofconveying mechanism 300. In a preferred embodiment uprights 370 aresails made of lightweight, low cost natural or synthetic material orwoven fibers.

Uprights 370 may also vary in shape. For example, in one embodiment,uprights 370 may be of a rectilinear shape. In the event that a fluidflow area is shallow, uprights 370 may extend along the width of theflow area to transfer maximum energy to a power generating cell. In theevent that the flow area has a greater depth at the bottom or top of themoving fluid, i.e. a river bed, uprights 370 may account for thatgreater depth. For example, uprights 370 may be shaped in asubstantially rectilinear shape and include a circular portion thataccounts for a portion of uprights 370 extending furthest from conveyingmechanism 300 in order to account for the curvature of the body in whichthe fluid medium is disposed. In yet another embodiment, uprights 370may be ovularly shaped. Uprights 370 may take any shape, includinghaving a variable cross section such as a aerodynamic wing. Uprights 370may also be hingedly attached to conveying mechanism 300 at more thanone end. Uprights 370 can be hingedly attached to conveying mechanism300 at more than one position and may be allowed to extend and retractfrom the surface of the conveying mechanism 300 as need be. In anembodiment in which uprights 370 are disposed in water, air, and otherfluid-like environments, uprights 370 may selectively extend and retractas necessary. For example, if conveying mechanism 300 is disposedpartially in water and a partially in air, uprights 370 may selectivelyextend in the air in order to take advantage of a wind current whilealigning tangent to the surface of conveying mechanism 300 if watercurrent is not flowing in a direction optimal for power generation.Alternatively, if the conveying mechanism 300 is disposed partially inwater and partially in air, uprights 370 may selectively extend in waterto take advantage of a wind current and retract if the air current isnot flowing in a direction optimal for power generation. In analternative embodiment, uprights 370 may extend both in water and airenvironments if the conditions are favorable for power generation.Uprights 370 may selectively extend and collapse when fluid conditionsprovide for efficiency in power generation.

Uprights 370 may also extend to various heights from conveying mechanism300. In certain embodiments, uprights 370 may extend anywhere betweenzero and one-hundred eighty degrees. For example, in the event that afluid approaches conveying mechanism 300 at forty-five degrees, uprights370 may extend to forty-five degrees in order to capture optimal amountsof fluid flow. Alternatively if the fluid is approaching conveyingmechanism 300 substantially parallel to normal, uprights 370 may extendto ninety degrees, in order to take advantage maximum fluid flow. In theevent that fluid is first approaching conveying mechanism 300 in onedirection, such as thirty-five degrees and then the fluid re-approachesthe conveying mechanism 300 at an alternative angle, such as one-hundredtwenty-five degrees, similar to a fluid flow that occurs when a waveapproaches a beach, uprights 370 may self adjust to capture the opposingfluid flow.

Additionally, uprights 370 may be employed to adjust the strength anddirection of the fluid flow. In the event that one desires to increaseor decrease the direction of the fluid flow or strength of a fluid flow,uprights 370 may be used to channel or obstruct flow. For example, iffluid flow is relatively slow, several uprights 370 may be staggered atvarious angles to channel fluid flow to a certain degree. In anotherembodiment, uprights 370 may pivot so that the upright is orthogonal toflow vector. Uprights 370 may also be fixed at one angle to divert andto channel relatively slower levels of fluid flow into levels of fluidflow that are slightly faster. Alternatively, if fluid flow is strongerthan necessary uprights 370 may be used to obstruct fluid flow.

Uprights 370 may also take various forms to selectively allow forpassage of fluids. For example, in one embodiment uprights 370 mayselectively expand and collapse in order to create power generationthrough fluid movement. In the event that uprights 370 remain extendedin various fluids, they may be made of a material that selectivelyallows for passage of one type of fluid and retention of another type offluid. For example, if uprights 370 are needed to create powergeneration through water flow, uprights 370 may be made of a cloth-likematerial or synthetic or any of a variety of flexible materials,including extruded materials from plastics or other man-made materialsthat retains water and allows for passage of air. Additionally, uprights370 may be made of a material that selectively allows for passage ofcertain types of air or certain types of fluid. For example, uprights370 may be made of a material that allows for passage of water or air,but does not allow for passage of less viscous fluid.

Referring now to FIG. 54, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 including a conventional pressure head hydroelectric powergenerating cell 204 disposed before exit boundary 382 so that exitboundary 382 assists to attain maximum power generation. As is shown,power generating cell is located before an exit boundary 382 of anyvariety of shapes including ovoid, circular, rectangular or otherdesirable shapes. Draft tube 380 includes an input mouth 381 and alarger exit boundary 382. Input mouth 381 optionally includes an inputlip portion for increasing input of fluid into draft tube 380. Exitboundary 382 optionally includes an output lip portion for increasingfluid output and smoothing the transition of one moving fluid streaminto another fluid stream.

The present application includes a substantially vertical draft tube380, with a power generating cell 204 positioned along a lower edge. Bypositioning an additional power generating cell (not shown) followingcell 204 within draft tube 380, more power can be generated by helpingto eliminate eddys, turbulent flow, and recirculation zones normallyallowed in open fluid zones. By positioning an additional powergenerating cell along various locations within a draft tube 380, moreefficient flows can be generated as various eddys, recirculation zones,and other factors which help to increase a Reynolds Number can bereduced and eliminated. As increased fluid flows through powergenerating cell 204 it increases in speed as it approaches exit boundary382. As exit boundary 382 widens, a flowing fluid is disseminated intoanother fluid body such that fluid accumulation causes fluid pressureand fluid velocity to increase as it extends from draft tube 380 intoexit boundary 382. Floating duct 383 extend along exit boundary 382 andconform to the contours of exit boundary to increase head pressurewithin draft tube 380.

In other embodiments, a ring or transitional element may be disposedwithin draft tube 380 after fluid reaches power generating cell 204which gives the fluid a more laminar flow or less turbulent flow afterit is channeled into power generating cell 204. Also, extensions hereshown as duct 383 may be functionally coupled to exit boundary 382. Incertain embodiments extensions may be coupled along the outercircumferential edges of exit boundary 382 for increasing flow in aconventional hydropower system without an additional power generatingcell. In other embodiments, extensions may be coupled along thetransition point between draft tube 380 and exit boundary 382 to modifythe amount of flow leaving power generating cell. In certain embodimentsextensions may be more narrow than draft tube 380 and inserted partiallywithin the exit boundary 382.

Referring now to FIG. 55, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200, including coupling mechanisms 404 and translationmechanisms 406 connected to coupling mechanisms 404 is illustratedaccording to a preferred embodiment of the present application. One ormore controllers translates system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 using one or more translation mechanisms 406 via one ormore coupling mechanisms 404. In certain embodiments of the presentapplication, one or more controllers may be either manually operatedsuch as by a human or can be automatically operated such as by amachine. One or more coupling mechanisms 404 may be attached to aportion of system for power generation through movement of fluid 200,using a hook, brace, or other attachment mechanism that connected itsstructure. Alternatively, one or more coupling mechanisms 404 may be aphysical protrusion extending into or through a turbine housing 408, andin which an interior mechanism located within turbine housing 408, mayuse to extend or retract a translation mechanism. For example a winchacting as a coupling mechanism may be located within system for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200 in order to extend and retracta tethering member.

In an embodiment of the present application, one or more translationmechanisms 406 may be attached to one or more coupling mechanisms 404via tethering mechanisms 407. Tethering mechanisms 407 may be eitherpermanently attached or temporarily attached to system for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200 along various points. Forexample, tethering mechanisms 407 may be fixably attached at threeseparate locations and separated by one hundred twenty degrees from oneanother so that system for power generation through movement of fluid200 may be moved in any three dimensional direction. In anotherembodiment, two tethering mechanisms 406 may be attached to the sameplane, while a third tethering mechanism 406 is attached to anotherplane. Two tethering mechanisms 407 may be used to translate system forpower generation through movement of fluid 200 in the X-Y direction of athree dimensional Cartesian coordinate system while a third tetheringmechanism 407 may be used to translate system for power generationthrough movement of fluid 200 in the Z-X direction of a threedimensional Cartesian coordinate system.

In alternative embodiments, both variants of a human controller and amachine controller may be employed. For example, in one embodiment amachine controller may be operatively associated with winches thatconnect to coupling mechanisms 404 to translate system for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200 along X-Y-Z planes of a threedimensional Cartesian Coordinate system, while an override maybeemployed to allow a human operator to manually adjust each winch. Inanother embodiment, a human controller may be allowed to translatesystem for power generation through movement of fluid 200, along asingle plane or direction of a Cartesian coordinate system, such as inan X, a Y, or a Z direction, while another computer controller may beallowed to translate system for power generation through movement offluid 200 along two other directions such as the X-Y, Y-Z, or X-Zdirection of a Cartesian coordinate system.

In other embodiments, system for power generation through movement offluid 200 may use components of a tethering system and another mechanismto control directional translation. For example, one or more couplingmechanisms 404, such as a hook or brace may be attached to a surface ofsystem for power generation through movement of fluid 200, while anothercoupling mechanism 404 may protrude through system for power generationthrough movement of fluid 200. The one or more coupling mechanisms 404which extend through system for power generation through movement offluid 200 may be connected to a winch through a tethering mechanism. Theother coupling mechanism 404 which protrudes through system for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200 may be connected to a lineartranslation apparatus such as a pole or other linearly extending body.The linear translation apparatus may allow system for power generationthrough movement of fluid 200 to move in a single direction such as anX-direction, Y-direction, or Z-direction while the other tetheringmechanisms may allow the system for power generation through movement offluid 200 to move in the other two directions such as the X-Y direction,X-Z direction, or the Y-Z direction. Any coupling mechanism 404 whetherfully protruding or disposed along a surface, may be used allow systemfor power generation through movement of fluid 200 to move in any threedimensional direction.

Additionally, a global positioning device may be employed to control thetranslational direction of system for power generation through movementof fluid 200. In this particular embodiment, a global positioning devicemay be operatively associated with one or more controllers. One or morecontrollers may optionally be human or machine and may act according todata transmitted from a global positioning device. A global positioningdevice or a device operatively associated with a global positioningdevice can receive data from various sources of information whichinclude tidal structures, wind channels, sediment tables, temperaturesof various fluids and the like. As data is conveyed to a globalpositioning device or device operatively associated with a globalpositioning device, the global positioning device can convey inputs intoone or more controllers. One or more controllers may adjust tetheringmechanisms accordingly to translate system for power generation throughmovement of fluid 200, to an alternate location. An example of thiswould be wind or water based sediment obstructing one or more turbinefans from attaining maximum flow from a moving current. After suchsediment is detected, a global positioning device may be used totranslate system for power generation through movement of fluid toanother location or in an alternative direction.

Referring now to FIG. 56 a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 having various artificial means to increase and decreasefluid flow is illustrated according to a preferred embodiment of thepresent application. Although a variety of artificial means are shown,it is understood that in application, one means or a combination ofmeans may be employed. Accordingly, a ramp 425 is implemented forfunneling fluid into the intake of a turbine. Further steps 427 areimplemented to increase fluid as it is conveyed towards ramp 425. Inthis particular embodiment a series of staggered steps 427, blocks 429,and bumps 431 are employed in order to incrementally increase flow as itis conveyed towards the intake of a power generating cell. Steps 427 maybe separated by any degree of measurement in order to establish asufficient flow. In an embodiment of the present invention, steps 427may be disposed along an ocean floor, riverbed, air stream or any otherfluid body. In alternative embodiments steps 427, blocks 429, and bumps431 may be offset from a rigid structure or suspended in a fluid flow inorder to divert fluid in a necessary direction or flow. In someembodiments, steps 427, blocks 429, and bumps 431 may be located betweenone or more fluid boundary lines. For example, steps 427, blocks 429,and bumps 431 may be located at sea level and partially exposed to waterand air for increasing both air and water fluid flow concentrations.

Steps 427 may also include various angles separating each of steps 427.For example, some steps 427 may include transitions that separate eachstep at ninety degrees as is shown in FIG. 56. Other steps may beseparated by curves and various other shapes, which allow fluid flowingfrom one step to transition into another step without breaking course.Some steps may sharply transition into another step at an angle lessthan ninety degrees, while other steps may transition into another stepat an angle greater than ninety degrees. Not only may steps 427 vary inshape and form, but blocks 429, and bumps 431 that are employed maysimilarly vary. For example, blocks 429 may be considered a standard sixsided figure with each side separated by ninety degrees, while otherblocks 429 may have more or less than six sides, and transition toanother side at an angle greater or less than ninety degrees. Bumps 431may be shaped to have an input which is greater than the output, or visaversa, with an input that is smaller than an output. Bumps 431 may haveone or more inputs and may have one or more outputs.

In alternative embodiments of the present application, variousarrangements of steps 427, bumps 431, and blocks 429 may be employed.For example steps 427, blocks 429, and/or bumps 431 may be suspended ina fluid, or alternatively steps 427, blocks 429, and/or bumps 431 may befixed to a structure. Those steps, blocks, and/or diffusers which arefixed to a structure, may be fixed to a structure which extends into anyportion of a fluid. For example, steps, blocks, and/or diffusers may besuspended by poles that dispose the steps, blocks, and/or diffusers intothe middle of a variety of flowing fluids.

Referring now to FIGS. 56 a and 56 b side elevation plan views of apower generating cell 492 mounted downstream from a discharge outlet 490is illustrated according to preferred embodiments of a presentapplication. As water is discharged at an outlet such as a coolingsystem of a power plant, it travels through a chute 493 and conveyedthrough power generating cell 492. Chute 493 is tiered and can includevarious levels that extend both above and below a fluid level. In analternative embodiment, chute 493 may be a horizontal rectangularconcrete conduit with no level change. Through having chute 493 beoriented in a multi-tiered arrangement which optionally begins above aspecified fluid level, head pressure is allowed to accumulate beforebeing conveyed into an inlet of power generating cell 492. Head pressuremay also be created by cooling water pump discharge. By channelingincreased head pressure through power generating cell 492, additionalpower is created. Chute 493 includes have a variety of cross sectionswhich can be square, ovaloid, and ellipsoid. Chute 493 may also vary inshape throughout its length. For example, chute 493 may include an inputand output portions which are wider or have a greater diameter than theother portions of the length of chute 493 to establish a Venturi effecton a turbine. Additionally chute 493 may include rifling, grooves,contours, ridges, as well as indentions which cause a flowing fluidpressure drop to be increased or decreased as it is conveyed towardspower generating cell 492. In certain embodiments power generating cell492 may be used in manned or non-manned applications and may beoptionally coupled to magnetic generators. Such power generating cells492 may be employed for military, residential, and camping uses.

As is shown in FIG. 56 b, seals 495 may be included to separate powergenerating cell 492 from chute 493 in certain embodiments where theturbine is not integrated inside of the conduit, but instead, installeddirectly on the end of the cooling water discharge pipe (conduit.)Through incorporating seals 495, power generating cell 492 can beremovably coupled to chute 493 to allow for service and repair as wellas preventing any leakage of the water since it is at a much higherpressure than the ambient atmosphere. Further, the inclusion of seals495 establishes a transitional area between chute 493 and powergenerating cell 492. Seals 495 may be of various types of seals whichincluding both O-rings and V-Seals. Seals 495 are preferably of acompression fit type which are disposed between power generating cell492 and chute 493. However seals 495 may be disposed between powergenerating cell 492 and chute 493 using alternative sealing methodsincluding friction fitting. In alternative embodiments, the powergenerating cell 492 may be deployed on the intake side when water isbeing introduced into the power plant or system being used.

Referring now to FIG. 57 a a plan view of a lock and dam system 496 isillustrated according to a preferred embodiment of the presentapplication. As fluid is conveyed into lock and dam system 496, lockdoors 498 a and 498 b may selectively open and close to allow water tobe conveyed between pools 499 a and 499 b. As water transitions betweenpools 499 a and 499 b power generating cells disposed within lock doors498 a and 498 b are allowed to rotate. Power generating cells may beretrofitted into lock doors or manufactured into the original door andmay preferably utilize magnetic generators that couple directed tomagnets mounted in the turbine impellers for power generation.

Referring now to FIG. 57 b a system for power generation throughmovement of fluid 200 including a flow through mechanism 410 retrofitinto a navigational lock and dam gates 412, the lock gates areillustrated according to a preferred embodiment of the presentapplication. Navigational lock and dam gates 412 includes an on/off flowcontrol valve that is controlled by a lifting mechanism 414 operativelyassociated with one or more turbines 416 each connected to a generator418, a hydraulically sealing door 420, and one or more fluid passthrough prevention mechanisms 422 surrounding hydraulically sealing door420. A flow through channel 424 including an additional flow controlvalve 426 which allows for optional fluid accumulation and release isdisposed about both navigational lock and dam gates 412. Turbines 416may be of various types including centrifugal types and impact types.Turbines 416 may be Kaplan, Francis, Pelton, or Screw type turbines.Multiple turbines 416 may be disposed about hydraulically sealing door420.

Lock and dam gates 412 are adjustable and may be disposed in a varietyof locations both in and near a lock gate, through various means. Forexample, lock and dam gates 412 may be disposed within a lock wall,through implementing one or more flow through mechanisms 410 in anexisting lock and dam gates 412. As it becomes necessary to accumulatefluid within a channel, lock and dam gates 412 may close and allowingfluid to accumulate. As it becomes necessary to release fluid fromchannel, lock and dam gates 412 may shift and allow fluid to flowthrough the turbine, and pass into another channel and in turn generatepower. In the event that a lock and dam gates 412 needs to be disposedon the exterior portion of a lock wall, various means may be employed toallow fluid to pass through the channel wall.

In an embodiment of the present application, a fluid blocking mechanismmay be disposed about a lock wall and lock and dam gates 412.Hydraulically sealing door 420 may be lowered and raised along the lockand dam gates 412 to selectively allow for passage of the fluid. In theevent that a fluid needs to be released at a lower level, the lock anddam gates 412 may be adjusted to the appropriate height while additionalvalve 426 may be released to allow for passage of fluid through reliefchannel 424. Relief channel 424 may optionally include an additionalturbine. In an alternative embodiment of the present application,multiple fluid blocking mechanisms may be employed to selectivelydispose fluid from a lock wall. For example, multiple fluid blockingmechanisms may be disposed within a lock wall, and a track may be usedto move door 420 in a controlled manner. Hydraulically sealing door 420is located in a track and moved up and down within that track. In analternative embodiment, lock and dam gates 412 may be raised or loweredthrough hydraulic power, an electric motor connected to a winch orthrough a crane.

In an embodiment of the present application, one or more hydraulicallysealing doors 420 may be disposed above a constant fluid level, below aconstant fluid level, or at various fluid levels established along alock door. Additionally, one or more hydraulically sealing doors 420 maybe disposed about the exterior portion of a lock door, about theinterior portion of a lock door, or partially between exterior andinterior portions of the lock door. In yet an alternative embodiment ofthe present application a variety of magnets may be disposed around boththe lock door and about various positions of lock and dam gates 412.Such magnets may include electromagnets and rare earth magnets that canselectively exert magnetism to control and determine the location of oneor more hydraulically sealing doors 420. Magnetic generators may also beconfigured with a turbine and associated windings displaced about theturbine to create power when the turbine rotates. One or more lock anddam gates 412 may operably translate one or more hydraulically sealingdoors 420 via one or more magnets. Additionally one or more magnets maybe employed to translate turbine 416 to various heights of the turbinewalls.

Additionally, one or more hydraulically sealing doors 420 may becontrolled via other artificial lift systems such as a buoyancy controlmechanisms, geared lift systems, chain drives potentially includingmechanical gears, or planetary geared systems. Further, hydraulicallysealing doors 420 may be incorporated into lock walls having a varietyof mechanisms such as single gates, steel gates, swinging gates, slidinggates, guillotine gates, vertically rotating gates, and sector gates. Incertain embodiments, variable buoyancy chambers may be included in lockand dam gates 412 to counteract the weight of turbine 416. Also, turbine416 may be of various types and include various features, such as wicketgates on variable pitch vanes included in Kaplan turbines, Francisturbines, Pelton turbines, Screw type turbine, or bulb type turbines.System for generation of power through movement of fluid 200 may alsoinclude various additional mechanisms including DC generators, ACGenerators, asynchronous systems, synchronous systems, permanent magnetsgenerators including rare earth magnets (NdFeB magnets, Neodymiummagnets, NIB magnets, Samarium-cobalt magnets, Lanthanide Magnets, aswell as Transition Magnets such as NdCoB Magnets) and the like.

In yet another embodiment of the present application, one or moreturbines 416 may be disposed within lock and dam gates 412. Turbines 416may be comprised of a ferrous material and circumferentially surroundedby electrical windings mounted within housing for turbines 416 mountedabout lock and dam gates 412. In operation, as turbines 416 rotate,electricity is generated through the transactions between the electricalwindings mounted about lock and dam gates 412 and turbines 416.

Referring now to FIGS. 58, 59, and 60, duct 430 for a system for powergeneration through movement of fluid having a reinforced cross-sectionthat annularly extends and tapers is illustrated according to apreferred embodiment of the present application. Steel loops 432 makingup part of the mold extend to reinforce the cross-section of duct 430. Acasting 431, which is preferably made of wood, is initially employed tospace and separate steel loops 432 and to act as a mold for pouringconcrete or in an alternative embodiment injected with a polymer as isdone with injection molding. In an alternative embodiment casting 431may be optionally be substituted for polymer or a polymer resin that iscapable of supporting concrete. Steel loops 432 making up part of themold may be connected via rebar in a longitudinal or lateralarrangement. For example, an arrangement of steel loops 432 making uppart of the mold may taper in a longitudinal direction with eachsuccessive steel loop 432 making up part of the mold being smaller thanthe following steep loop 432, while one or more pieces of rebar 434extend in the longitudinal direction and are connected to each piece ofrebar 434. Each piece of rebar 434 may be connected to steel loops 432through welding or other attachment means including sintering. In analternative embodiment, steel loops 432 making up part of the mold mayconsist of a single piece of steel or other reinforcing material thatextends in a spirals as it extends in a longitudinal direction.

In alternative embodiments duct 430 is formed from concrete reinforcedby steel loops 432 and is surrounded by metal casting. Wood casting andmetal casting aids in forming concrete in a desired shape as it driesafter being formed. In an alternative embodiment duct 430 may be formedfrom a single composition of steel reinforced concrete, surrounded bymetal or wood. As is illustrated in FIG. 60, duct 430 is formed in oneor more sections that may fit inside one another for easy transportationand storage.

Referring now to FIGS. 61-66 a system for power generation throughmovement of fluid 200 disposed about various openings is illustratedaccording to an embodiment of the present application. System for powergeneration through movement of fluid 200 includes structural supportelement 440, flexible fluid transmission tubing 442, rigid fluidtransmission tubing 444, draft tube 446, and turbine 448 which isoperably associated with flexible fluid transmission tubing 442.

In FIG. 61, rigid fluid transmission tubing 444 is suspended slightlyabove contours of a slope via structural support element 440 whileflexible fluid transmission tubing 442 is connected to turbine 448 sothat the fluid can be used to generate power even as the floatingplatform 452 that the turbine 448 and associated equipment changes itsvertical position due to the rising fluid. A generator 450 is operablycoupled to turbine 448 for creating and transmitting electrical energy.Turbine 448 is disposed atop a floating platform 452, floating atop afluid disposed at the bottom of a depression in the ground such as anopen pit mine or a hole in the ground such as a mine shaft. As fluid isinput into a mine via draft tube 446 and is conveyed through turbine448, power is in turn generated by the generator 450 via fluid flowinginto mineshaft. As an open pit mine accumulates fluid, sled 450 riseswhile allowing flexible fluid transmission tubing 442 to beincrementally raised or lowered to allow for optimal power generation.Additionally, in certain embodiments flexible fluid transmission tubing442 is operatively connected to a controller for positioning turbine448. Flexible fluid transmission tubing 442 may be employed fortranslating turbine 448 to an optimal location of fluid flow.

Referring now to FIG. 62 and FIG. 63 an integrated guiderail andstructural support element, in this case a truss 440 or in anotherembodiment a non integrated guiderail and structural support elementpositioning flexible fluid transmission tubing 442 in an open pit mine470 is illustrated. As water accumulates within open pit mine 470 byflowing (in some cases being pumped) from fluid medium 460 through aturbine coupled to flexible fluid transmission tubing 442, flexiblefluid transmission tubing 442 retracts through guiderail 440. Byallowing flexible fluid transmission tubing 442 to retract from thecenter of open pit mine 470, maximum power generation may occur. In analternative embodiment, flexible fluid transmission 442 tubing may berigidly affixed to guiderail 440. In certain embodiments, as fluid isconveyed into open pit mine 470 additional head pressure may accumulate.In the event that optimal power generation may be attained throughmaintaining head based generation flexible transmission tubing 442 maybe raised with a turbine 448 maintained just below the top of a flowingfluid. In the event that optimal power generation may be attainedthrough maintaining flow rate based generation, a turbine 448 andflexible transmission tubing 442 may be maintained above the top of thefluid level in the pit or mine shaft. In certain embodiments, guiderail440 may be suspended above open pit mine 470 allowing fluid to bedropped into open pit mine 470. Guiderail 440 may be located at a ninetydegree turn while draft tube 442 is suspended in immovable position.

Referring now to FIG. 64, an alternative embodiment of the system forpower generation through movement of fluid 200 as illustrated in FIGS.61-63 is illustrated. Accordingly, an open pit mine 470 is illustrated,having flexible transmission tubing 442 operatively connected to turbine448. Turbine 448 is connected to a generator 450. A power transmissionline is connected to a floating apparatus for conveying power from thegenerator 450. As fluid is transmitted into open pit mine 470, and isconveyed through turbine 448, power is generated through turbine 448,which in turn is lifted by tether 452 to avoid the rising water level.Tether 452 is preferably engaged to a crane (not shown) optionallysuspending a floating apparatus upon which turbine 448 and generator 450are mounted.

Referring now to FIG. 65, a system for power generation through movementof fluid 200 using a combined open pit mine 470 with integrated mineshafts under the ground is illustrated. Accordingly, a turbine 448operatively coupled to a generator 450 are suspended above a liquidfluid medium such as water by being attached to a buoyant member such asa sled. A flexible transmission tubing 442 is coupled to poles, pilingsor other structural support element 440. Structural support element 440allows flexible transmission tubing 442 to convey fluid between an openpit mine 470 to another reservoir. As an example a Kimberlite cone 471,is located below open pit mine 470 with a borehole extending below thesurface and guiderail 440. As water is transmitted into open pit mine470 the weight of the water combined with preexisting Kimberlite causesKimberlite cone 471 to collapse. As Kimberlite cone 471 collapses,additional water is input into open pit mine 470 via turbine 448 whichallows for added power generation.

Referring now to FIG. 66, a mineshaft 480 having a flexible fluidtransmission tubing 442 (sometimes referred to as a draft tube) possiblyof a variable diameter connected through turbine 450 to rigidtransmission tubing disposed within penstock 440 and operativelyconnected to a winch member 458 is illustrated according to a preferredembodiment of the present application. As water is transmitted from afluid medium 460 into mine shaft 480 via rigid transmission tubingdisposed within penstock 440, it passes through turbine 448 in turngenerating power. After passing through turbine 448, fluid is conveyedinto a draft tube 442 and eventually deposited into mineshaft 480. Asfluid accumulates within mineshaft 480, winch member 458 raises turbine448 and generator 450 via a cable running through the penstock 440 abovethe fluid line so that maximum power generation may[occur.[.

Referring now to FIG. 67, a turbine impeller 441 having winglets 443 a,443 b, and 443 c fixedly attached at the ends of blades 441 a, 441 b,and 441 c is depicted according to a preferred embodiment of the presentapplication. Accordingly winglets 443 a, 443 b, and 443 c extendsubstantially at an angle, of a variety of configurations somewherebetween 0 and 180 degrees, including even perpendicular from the centerof turbine impeller 441. Winglets 443 a, 443 b, and 443 c extend fromblades 441 a, 441 b, and 441 c in a generally perpendicular orientationto minimize impacts from vortex shedding thus resulting in higherturbine efficiencies. In an alternative embodiment of the presentapplication winglets 443 a, 443 b, and 443 c may tangentially extendfrom one or more turbine impellers and may couple to turbine impellersor any other component of system for power generation through movementof fluid. Winglets 443 a, 443 b, and 443 c may extend laterally fromturbine impellers. Winglets may extend from multiple locations andvarious angles of single ducts, dual ducts, converging ducts, divergingducts, and turbine impellers.

In one embodiment of the present application, winglets 443 a, 443 b, and443 c may extend from one or more turbine blades 441 a, 441 b, and 441 cin a lateral orientation and be oriented substantially normal to thedirection of a moving fluid. In another embodiment, multiple winglets443 a, 443 b, and 443 c may extend from turbine blades 441 a, 441 b, and441 c while other winglets extend at alternative angles. In yet anotherembodiment in which multiple turbine blades 441 a, 441 b, and 441 c arepresent, a single turbine impeller 441 may include one or more winglets443 a, 443 b, and 443 c while another turbine impeller 441 a lackswinglets.

In other embodiments turbine impeller 441 may be made of at least twomaterials, is illustrated according to a preferred embodiment of thepresent application. For example, turbine impeller 441 may include atleast one metallic layer and at least one composite layer. Accordingly acomposite layer surrounds metallic layer. In another embodiment, one ormore composite layers may surround one or more metal layers.Alternatively, in other embodiments, one or more metal layers maycoextend to the same length as one or more composite layers.

In other embodiments of the present application, multiple layersincluding both composite layers and metal layers may make up one or moreturbine impellers. For example, a soft material may make up theinnermost layer of one or more turbine impeller 441, a harder materialmay surround the innermost layer to make up a middle layer of one ormore turbine impellers 441, and yet an even harder layer may surroundthe middle layer to make up the outermost layer of one or more turbineblades 441 a, 441 b, and 441 c. One or more turbine impellers 441 may bemade up of layers of both hard and soft materials that can be arrangedin any order or combination.

In an embodiment of the present application, one or more outer layers ofone or more turbine blades 441 a, 441 b, and 441 c may shed to allow oneor more inner layers to allow one or more turbine blades 441 a, 441 b,and 441 c to maintain functionality. For example, in the event that anouter layer is made of a material that is not rust proof, it isdesirable that an encompassed inner layer would be made of a compositematerial that is rust proof. Therefore, if a multilayered turbine vanehas an outer non-rust proof metal layer and an inner layer comprised ofa rust proof layer such as fiberglass, a multilayered turbine vane maybe disposed in a fluid containing sodium, such as seawater. Although themultilayered turbine vane may corrode over time, a multilayered turbinevane could still maintain some of the properties provided by the metalsuch as hardness all while maintaining its functionality through itsfiberglass reinforcement.

Referring now to FIG. 68 a schematic illustrating fluid being conveyedthrough a hydrogen production assembly is illustrated. Accordingly, afluid source 481 is illustrated showing a fluid being conveyed into afluid purification chamber 483. As fluid is conveyed into fluidpurification chamber 483, purified water is created and conveyed into apurified water storage facility 485. Water is then conveyed into anelectrolyzer 489 and is supplemented by a KOH mixing tank 487.Electrolyzer 489 which separates hydrogen and oxygen molecules viaelectrolysis is powered by a hydropower turbine array 491. Fluid isconveyed from electrolyzer 489 into a gas separation and purificationchamber 493, which separates condensate from hydrogen molecules andoxygen molecules. Hydrogen molecules are then conveyed into a dryingchamber 495 a, while oxygen molecules are conveyed into a oxygenpurification unit 495 b. After hydrogen molecules are conveyed intothrough drying chamber 495 a, they are then sent into a compressionchamber 497 and eventually stored in a hydrogen storage facility 499.

In an embodiment of the present application, a hydrogen storage facility499 may be operatively connected fueling station and one or morehydrogen filtration apparatuses. As hydrogen is offloaded from hydrogenstorage facility to a fueling station, hydrogen powered vehicles, mayreceive hydrogen power via hydrogen storage facility 499.

A plurality of hydrokinetic power generating cells as described hereinmay by operatively associated with one or more computers, includingcomputers and server farms disposed on offshore barges. Offshore bargesmay include free floating barges and barges which are tethered to thebottom of the ocean floor. Hydrokinetic power may be used to power andsupply cool fluid to components of computers and server farms includingheat exchangers and cooling pumps.

Referring now to FIG. 69 a floating turbine system 500 in a river,ocean, tidal area, or irrigation canal or other man made conduit thatcan convey a fluid whereby current flow 502 moves through the turbineand generates power is shown. As water approaches the turbine, a certainamount of the flow may be backed up due to the presence of the turbine.This backup may create a head effect which when combined with a blockingmechanisms 504 and 506 as shown, creates head potential which may beutilized in generating additional power. Head height “h” 508 as shownmay be sufficient to then use that potential in the same turbine atincreased efficiency or another power generating turbine or other powergeneration system. Additional head creating mechanisms may be used asshown on the bottom of the turbine to further enhance the head effect.

Turbine 510 is moored to the river bed 512 (or ocean, tidal, or bottomor irrigation canal) by tethers 114 (however, it may also be moored on amonopile or between multiple pilings) and may be part of an array ofturbines aligned to maximize exploitation of head potential of a numberof turbine systems. This can be used in an array system or modularenergy producing cell system. This can be used with temporary gravityanchors or permanent attachment or temporary attachment to the ground atthe bottom of the water body.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, this system will create headin a flowing current that can be used by a hydrokinetic energyproduction system to enhance and increase the production of the systemwithout building a dam or impoundment. By creating this head, the energyproduced by the hydrokinetic system is a combination of kinetic energyderived from the flow of the current and the potential energy created bythe non-impounded head. This head could be inches in height or up tofeet in height depending on the implementation. In its operation, thehydrokinetic turbine installation of the present invention converts thekinetic energy in a current into usable power. Traditional hydroelectricturbine/generator systems installed use dammed water sources to convertpotential energy into usable power. More particularly, water flow fromundammed sources that has the water flow characteristics modified, i.e.water flow pressure drop is modified to increase velocity across ahydrokinetic turbine installation to increase energy production further.The present invention can also be applied at an existing hydroelectricfacility.

Taking advantage of head potential can be done in a number of waysaccording to the invention as more fully described below in FIGS. 70Athrough 75B. Aerofoils (hydrofoils) around the rotating turbine, slipstreams, nested sets of ducts, or bubbling upstream or downstreamcomponents which may or may not rotate to modify pressure drop(velocity) at the rotating turbine will achieve some of the benefits ofthe present invention. Alternatively, one can use eductors, ejectors orcounter rotating members to enhance velocity and thus increase power. Inyet another embodiment, a nested set of counter rotating elements canalso help increase velocity both in axial shaft and shaftless(circumferential generator) also called permanent magnet or magneticallylevitated designs.

The present invention deals specifically with provisions for astationary or rotating or counter-rotating exterior blade about ahydrokinetic turbine to increase the pressure drop across the turbine,the desired result being that the turbine is enabled to operate usinghigher water velocity relative to the ambient, substantially increasingpower production and enabling individual elements operating near themodes of their peak efficiencies.

This system could apply in a single duct or dual ducted turbine as wellas non-ducted hydrokinetic units. In accordance with a preferredembodiment of the invention, there is also disclosed a method to controlpressure drop for current based hydro kinetic devices for generatingpower in stand alone or array based structures in ocean currents, tidalcurrents, river currents, canals, and aqueducts that significantlyenhance power generation versus non ducted and simple ducted (single ordouble) devices. Within those structures the primary objective toincrease power output in a hydrokinetic current based system is bycontrolling pressure drop across the whole device or specificallysections/areas of the device. By controlling pressure drop one canincrease velocity which has the highest impact on power output.

Turning now to FIG. 70A, there is shown in side cross section astationary or rotating exterior blade 526 circumferentially mounted onhousing 520 about turbine 522. Exterior blade 526 induces a swirl orvortex that increases flow across the turbine 522, thereby increasingvelocity 524 of water across turbine 522 as the water pressure dropincreases. FIG. 70B shows a cross sectional longitudinal view of thesystem where blade 526 may also be fixed but positioned in such a way asto lower pressure on the output side and create turbulence, swirl, avortex or other flow features further increasing velocity. As exteriorblade 526 rotates, a pressure drop is achieved around turbine 522 thusincreasing velocity through turbine 522. Exterior blade 526 may berotating or counter rotating 528 depending on the flow characteristicsthat are desired. Exterior blade 526 can also be fixed, acting likevanes to induce a vortex which can increase velocity and thus poweroutput.

FIG. 71A shows a side cross section of a cantilevered system 530 forguiding water flow behind turbine 536 and turbine unit housing 532. FIG.71B shows a longitudinal front view of the same system is shown on thefront side of turbine 536. In either configuration with the cantileveredsystem being placed in front of or behind the turbine 536, the addedduct 534 operates to increase velocity 538 through turbine 536 andachieve the benefits of the present invention. In an alternativepreferred embodiment the water flow and velocity 538 is reversed withcantilevered system 530 and duct 534 guiding the water flow into turbine536. The position of the cantilevered system 530 can be such that thevertical cross section of the end of the cantilevered system 530 is infront or behind the vertical cross section of the end of theduct/housing 532 relative to the direction of flow. In anotherembodiment, the vertical cross section of the end of the cantileveredsystem 530 can be inside the vertical cross section of the end of theduct/housing 532 relative to the direction of flow.

FIG. 72A shows a circumferential fixed flange 540 with an angle relativeto the horizontal housing greater than 20 degrees about turbine 546 thatcreates turbulence 542 and thus pressure drop which in turn enhancesvelocity through turbine 546 and increases power output. FIG. 72B showsa cross sectional longitudinal view of turbine 546 turbine housing 544and flange 540. In an alternative preferred embodiment, flange 540 mayalso have freedom of movement for rotation 548 either clockwise orcounterclockwise about turbine 546.

FIG. 73A shows a side cross section view of a radial eductor 550positioned about the circumference of turbine housing 552 to create andcontrol pressure drops thus increasing velocity 559 and therebyincreasing power output. FIG. 73B shows a cross sectional longitudinalview of radial eductor which has an opening inlet 554 on input side ofturbine 558 and an exit outlet 556 on the output side of turbine 558 andturbine housing 552.

FIG. 74A shows a side cross sectional view of turbine 568 and turbinehousing 566 having an air tube system comprising an air tube 560, airinlet 564 and air outlet 569 that directs air into the water flowthrough the input side of the turbine 568 to affect the flowcharacteristics of turbine 568 and increase velocity 562. FIG. 74B showsa cross sectional longitudinal view of turbine 568, turbine housing 566with air tube 560 and air inlet 564 to direct air into the water flow toincrease velocity 562 and thus energy for extraction by turbine 568.

FIG. 75A shows in a cross sectional view a front ejector 570 about thecircumference of turbine housing 572 and turbine 574 to decreasepressure across turbine 574 blade and thus increase velocity 578 andpower output.

FIG. 75B show in a cross sectional view a rear ejector 576 about turbine574 and the circumference of turbine housing 578, rear ejector 576injecting water flow to decrease pressure across turbine 574 blade andthus increase velocity and power output.

FIG. 76 shows a conventional power system 610 where head power from theupstream water blocked by a dam 612 is used to drive turbine 614 togenerate power. Outflow of turbine 614 is through draft tube 616 whichdissipates the flow of water from the turbine to reduce turbulence andother negative effects.

As previously mentioned, one of the current problems facing hydrokineticpower producers when locating hydrokinetic turbines downstream ofexisting dams is that the design of the draft tube at an existing dam(the draft tube conducts water from the outlet of the turbine to thebody of water downstream of the existing dam) is specifically designedto dissipate kinetic energy. The end result of is that the kineticenergy of the water is lowered, meaning the water velocity is slowed,thus reducing potential capture of energy from a downstream hydrokineticturbine

A hydrokinetic turbine, one which operates solely on the water velocity,and not the pressure head of impounded water, from a theoreticalstandpoint, require the highest possible water velocity and the largestpossible turbine diameter in order to generate the greatest amount ofpower possible.

By installing a retrofit to the draft tube of the existing dam ordesigning the draft tube for optimal flow can result in a significantincrease in the streamlined or turbulent flow velocity at the outlet ofthe draft tube, resulting in a much higher velocity at the downstreamhydrokinetic turbine thereby increasing the power output. This can beaccomplished in a number of ways by adding a retrofit draft tube insertor initially designing a draft tube for a new dam such that thediffusing rate that is lower but still of a diffusing design (the ratioof area's is still positive) or have a constant diameter draft tube orslightly decrease the draft tube diameter to compensate for minorfrictional losses in the draft tube due to the materials of constructionof the draft tube.

In a preferred embodiment, the flow may be streamlined as it lendsitself to higher efficiencies of the hydrokinetic turbine, thus moreefficiently converting available kinetic energy of the water into usableenergy (shaft work).

FIG. 77 shows a combination of an insert to the draft tube and exit wallaccording to a preferred embodiment of the invention. Power system 620has one or more conventional turbines 624 placed in dam 622 forgeneration of power from the head potential of the dam. A draft tube 626is fitted with a reciprocal tube insert 628 for changing the flowcharacteristics of the tube. Preferably, but not required in allsituations, is draft tube exit wall 630 placed in line with the insertedtube 628 to further channel the flow of water to the hydrokineticturbine 632. In another embodiment not shown here, annular insertswithout a turbine that have a smaller outer diameter than the innerdiameter of the draft tube can be inserted into the draft tube tostreamline flow and increase the output of the conventional head basedturbine/generator set. In another embodiment annular inserts with aturbine and generator that have a smaller outer diameter than the innerdiameter of the draft tube can be inserted into the draft tube tostreamline flow and increase the output of the conventional head basedturbine/generator set as well as generating additional incremental powerfrom the hydrokinetic unit by being able to access the higher velocitywater inside the draft tube downstream of the conventional head basedturbine.

Reciprocal tube insert 628 can be designed in several ways including asa permanent retrofit or a temporary retrofit that could be removed orreplaced. Further, the draft tube insert may be made from many materialsof construction including, but not limited to, reinforced concrete;metals of various types; wood; and reinforced or non-reinforcedsynthetic material (for example, plastics), to name a few.

FIG. 78 shows the flow characteristics of a convention draft tubesystem. Turbine 634 generates power from water flow that exits throughthe draft tube 639. The flow rate remains constant where A_(i) 636 isthe draft tube cross sectional area closest to the turbine, and A_(o)637 is the cross sectional area farthest from the turbine. Notably,velocity v_(i) 635 is substantially higher than v_(o) 638 demonstratingthat the draft tube decreases velocity of water exiting turbine 634.

FIG. 79 shows one embodiment of a power system 640 having conventionalturbines with draft tube 644 retrofitted with tube insert 642 reducingthe old diameter 646 of the draft tube to new diameter 648 whichincreases the velocity of the exiting water.

FIG. 80 shows a power system 650 for converting river flow throughturbines to electrical energy. Turbines 652 are placed in a conventionalmanner whereby flow velocity v₁ 654 is higher than flow velocity v₀ 656.Without the addition of tailrace walls, the kinetic energy at the drafttube dissipates radially outward proportional to the following equation:KE=½ mv².

Flow velocity v₁ 654 is significantly higher than flow velocity v₀ 656.Therefore, power potential for hydrokinetic turbine 658 is reduced andinefficiently low. To increase the flow characteristics for thehydrokinetic turbine, tailrace walls may be preferably placed at theoutput of the draft tubes to keep flow controlled in the createdchannel.

By inserting a wall in between each draft tube outlet, the kineticenergy of the water is forced into a more constant cross sectionalchannel which also has the effect of preventing or reducing the rate ofthe dissipation of kinetic energy from the water resulting in higherwater velocities (higher kinetic energy) further downstream. Anotherenhancement to the insertion of walls in between the draft tube outletsis to install a floor below the draft tube outlets that extendsdownstream with the walls that have been installed creating a channel.By keeping the cross sectional area of the channel for the flowing waterrelatively constant, additional increases in the kinetic energy of thewater can be obtained which increases the quantity of power generated bythe hydrokinetic system.

FIG. 81 shows a power system 660 with conventional turbine room 664 forgenerating hydroelectric power from a river. As water flows through theturbines out the draft tube outlets, it is channeled by tailrace walls666 that direct the water and increase velocity of flow to high powerpotential hydrokinetic turbines 668. By doing so, the tailrace wallsgreatly increase the velocity of downstream flow to the hydrokineticturbines thereby generating significantly higher amounts of power.

FIG. 82 shows an embodiment of the tailrace and channel walls and orfloors such as vertical wall 670 and box wall 672. The combination ofwalls and floors of the channel can be in many shapes including, but notlimited to, vertical parallel walls only; walls and floor that create a“U” shape; walls and floor that create a “U” shape, but also convergethe further downstream from the draft tube to keep the kinetic energyhigh; walls that form a “V”; walls that are fully submerged; and wallsthat are partially submerged.

The optimal system for the highest possible hydrokinetic powergeneration system downstream of a dam for a given dam design may be acombination of both a modified draft tube as shown previously andtailrace and channel walls and or floors as shown in FIGS. 81 and 82.

FIG. 83 illustrates a perspective view of a multidirectionalhydrokinetic power generating turbine 710 according to a preferredembodiment of the present application. Multidirectional hydrokineticpower generating turbine 710 includes an impeller housing 712, animpeller 714 disposed within the impeller housing 714, adjustable ducts716 pivotally connected to impeller housing 712, and a plurality of ductleafs 713 disposed about the one or more adjustable ducts 716. Ductleafs 713 articulate to cause the one or more adjustable ducts 716 toconverge and diverge for selectively disposing a fluid about one or moreimpellers 714. Adjustable ducts 716 may be considered to be as an inflowduct or an outflow duct, depending on the direction of in which thefluid is disposed.

A sensor 718 operably associates with multidirectional hydrokineticpower generating turbine 710 to vary the positioning and/or degree ofextension and retraction of adjustable ducts 716. As fluid is disposedwithin a proximal or distal vicinity of the multidirectionalhydrokinetic power generating turbine 710, sensor 718 senses a variablewithin that fluid and in turn conveys a signal to a controller notshown. The controller in turn determines the appropriate orientation ofadjustable ducts 716 and adjusts plurality of duct leafs 713 tocorrespond to the determination. Each of adjustable ducts 716 may beseparately controlled. By controlling ducts separately, the shape ofboth inlet and outlet nozzles may be operated independent of oneanother. Controllers may either be automated or manual, and may bedriven by a computer or a human. In the preferred embodiment thecontroller is a servo motor.

Sensor 718 may be of any of a variety of sensors to measure ambientconditions to control the operation of the ducts such as pressure,pressure drop, water velocity, temperature, change in rate, maximum andminimum flow speeds, and other flow characteristics. Sensor 718 may alsobe operatively associated with at least one impeller in that when sensor718 detects a shift in a variable of a flow or fluid, one or moreimpellers 714 may alter in shape or form. Impeller 714 is capable ofchanging shape either through mechanical means or through materialcomposition. For example, electro-organic materials or piezoelectricmaterials can be controlled in such a way that inputs such as pressure,pressure drop, velocity, temperature, or any other variable can causethe material composition of impeller 714 to alter shape. Similarly, animpeller blade may be separably connected to a servo motor and mayrotate to deflect or encompass a greater amount of fluid depending onshift detected by sensor 718. A change in the shape of impeller 714 oradjustable duct 716, be it temporary or permanent, may also be inducedthrough an ion pasteurized control system, heating, cooling, reacting,or via any other detectable change in a variable that is known to oneskilled in the material science and mechanical arts. Accordingly, theblades of both impeller 714 and adjustable duct 716 can have variablepitch blades which can be set using manual or automatic controls asdesired. In an alternative embodiment sensor(s) 718 may be locatedoutside the impeller housing, on the impeller, along an edge of a ductleaf 713, or at any other location, so long as sensor(s) 718 may conveya message to a controller.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of duct leafs713 may be arranged in a circumferential manner to surround one or moreadjustable ducts 716. As each duct leaf 713 is individually adjustedvarious arrays and fluid flows may be created. If all duct leafs 713 arethe same length, as one duct leaf 713 articulates varying ranges ofmotion, it does not extend to the same length as another duct leaf 713.As each duct leaf 713 articulates through a range of motion, both thefluid amount and direction entering and exiting an adjustable duct 716can be controlled. For example, in the event that a user wishes to limitthe amount of flow entering adjustable duct 716, the plurality of ductleafs 713, may articulate towards one another. As the plurality of ductsarticulate towards one another, adjustable duct 716 contracts and allowsless fluid to enter multidirectional hydrokinetic power generatingturbine 710. Alternatively, if a user wishes to increase the amount offluid entering adjustable duct 716, the plurality of duct leafs 713 mayarticulate away from one another. As the plurality of duct leafs 713articulate away from one another, adjustable duct 716 expands andbecomes susceptible to receiving a larger amount of fluid. Accordingly,an unlimited amount of flow regimes may be created in this manner.

In alternative embodiments the entire direction of an adjustable duct716 may be altered by manipulating ducts leafs 713. Accordingly, if auser desires to adjust the fluid entrance or exit to between zero andseventy five degrees, several duct leafs 713 may articulate towards thecenter of multidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine 710,while other duct leafs 713 articulate away from the center, all whilemaintaining a circumferential pattern. By allowing duct leafs 713 tosimultaneously articulate in different directions, while disposed aboutadjustable duct 716, almost any fluid may be disposed in a desired flowregime. In the preferred embodiment, a fluid vector can be created byallowing fluid to enter multidirectional hydrokinetic power generatingturbine 710 at any angle between fifteen to thirty degrees of motion.

Not only may duct leafs 713 be coordinated to contract and expand, butnumerous vectors may be created through positioning both individual andgroups of duct leafs 713. A fluid vector may created by disposing ductleafs 713 in various arrays. By dynamically positioning duct leafs 713in numerous positions, power generating turbine 710 can create avirtually unlimited number of both input and thrust vectors. Forexample, if one desires to increase the amount of flow rate input intomultidirectional hydrokinetic turbine 710 moving in a substantiallyperpendicular direction, duct leafs 713 may be coordinated to changedirection and align substantially adjacent to the direction of the flow.Alternatively, if too much flow is entering or exiting multidirectionalhydrokinetic turbine duct leafs 713 may be coordinated to changedirection to align in a direction which limits the amount of fluidentry.

Furthermore duct leafs 713 may be positioned in a manner that expelsfluids in a certain direction to create thrust vectors. Once a fluid hasentered multidirectional hydrokinetic turbine 710, its expulsion patternmay be controlled by positioning both individual and groups of ductleafs 713. For example, if one wishes to divert flow in a certaindirection, a input duct can be positioned to input fluid, while theoutflow duct can be positioned to dispel fluid in a direction of oneschoosing. Further, as the fluid is being dispelled, duct leafs 713, maycoordinate with one another and move in a pattern that dispels fluid asneeded.

Referring now to FIG. 84, a cross sectional view of a portion of a ductleaf 713 coupled to an automated controller 720 via a control arm 724,and a pivoting mechanism 726 is illustrated according to an embodimentof the present application. Controller 720 calculates the preferredpositioning of one or more adjustable ducts 716 to attain optimalefficiency of multidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine710. Controller 720 in turn adjusts the degree of articulation of ductleaf 713 via control arm 724 and pivoting mechanism 726. Control arm724, may be coupled to only a portion of a duct leaf 713 via anattachment point. Once controller 720 determines the correctarticulation that should be conveyed to duct leaf 713, controller 720articulates pivoting mechanism 726. Pivoting mechanism 726 in turnpivots which causes articulation of control arm 724. Duct leaf 713 inturn articulates due to its attachment to control arm 724.

Referring now to FIG. 85, a cross sectional cutout portion of severalarrays of duct leafs 713 are depicted according to an embodiment of thepresent invention. The arrays of duct leafs 713 may optionally interlockwith one another. In this particular embodiment, the leafed ducts aremulti-tiered, staggered, and are capable of interlocking with oneanother to adjust the amount of flow imposed upon an impeller. Ductleafs 713 may be controlled via an automatic or manual controller thatconnects through a control arm via an attachment point. Additionally,duct leafs 713 are be dynamically adjustable while a fluid is disposedin their vicinity.

Referring now to FIGS. 86 and 87, cross sectional cutout portion of anarray of duct leafs 713 is depicted having attachment points 717. FIG.86 illustrates, attachment points 717 are positioned about a center ofeach duct leaf 713 so that adjustable duct may interlock with anadjacent duct leaf 713. FIG. 87 illustrates an automated controllerservo-actuator 720, a duct leaf 713, a controlling arm 724, and anattachment point 717. In an alternative embodiment attachment points 717may be positioned about any point of duct leafs 713 in order to controlthe direction in which each duct leaf 713 may interlock with anotherduct leaf 713. For example, in an alternative embodiment one duct leaf713 may have an attachment point 717 positioned at the far left, whileanother duct leaf 713 has an attachment point 717 positioned at the farright. Similarly, each duct leaf 713 may vary in the direction in whichit interlocks with another duct leaf 713. For example duct leafs 713,may be capable of interlocking in multi-rotational fashion, i.e.clockwise or counterclockwise as illustrated in FIG. 86. Alternatively,duct leaf 713 may be capable of interlocking in a constrained rotation,i.e. only clockwise or only counterclockwise. It is important tounderstand that in each embodiment of the present application, each ductleaf 713 need not be the same as duct leaf 713. For example, one ductleaf 713 may have an attachment point 717 at the center, while anotherduct leaf 713 has an attachment point 717 along a far left edge.

In certain embodiments, advantages in manufacturing are evidencedthrough disposing impeller 714 within a duct 716, while keeping constanttransition angles into converging and diverging runners. By keeping avariable gap of approximately one inch between the diameter of impeller714 and the diameter of duct 716 increased flow through ducting 716 isevidenced. The presence of increased flow leads to increased energyproduction. Accordingly, by dividing the outer diameter of the impellerby the inner diameter of the duct which maintains an approximate oneinch separation, an increased power efficiency is shown. Accordinglyincreased power efficiency is shown when the ratio between the diameterof impeller 714 and the diameter of duct 716 ranges between 0.4 and0.999, when the duct is between two and sixty inches. Similar ratioefficiency values between diameter of impeller 714 and diameter of duct716 based on variable diameters of impeller 714 are shown as follows:

Impeller 714 Diameter (inches) Ratio (Impeller 714/Duct 716)   2 in. to<60 in. 0.4 to 0.999  60 in. to 360 in. 0.4 to 0.996  361 in to 550 in.0.4 to 0.985 >550 in. to 750 in. 0.4 to 0.988  >750 in. to 1000 in. 0.4to 0.99 >1000 in. to 1250 in. 0.4 to 0.99 >1250 in. to 1500 in. 0.4 to0.992 >1500 in. to 1750 in. 0.4 to 0.993 >1750 in. to 2000 in. 0.4 to0.994 >2000 in. to 2250 in. 0.4 to 0.995 >2250 in. to 2500 in. 0.4 to0.9952 >2500 in. to 2750 in. 0.4 to 0.9956 >2750 in. to 3000 in. 0.4 to0.9960 >3000 in. to 3250 in. 0.4 to 0.9963 >3250 in. to 3500 in. 0.4 to0.9966 >3500 in. to 3750 in. 0.4 to 0.9968

Similarly, when a constant ratio of 0.98 is maintained, increased flowcontinues to be shown as while the diameter of ducting 716 and impeller714 vary as follows:

Diameter of Impeller 714 (inches) Diameter of Duct 716 (inches) 1212.2449 24 24.4898 36 36.73469 48 48.97959 60 61.22449 72 73.46939 8485.71429 96 97.95918 108 110.2041 120 122.449 132 134.6939 144 146.9388156 159.1837 168 171.4286 180 183.6735 192 195.9184 204 208.1633 216220.4082 228 232.6531 240 244.898

Referring now to FIGS. 88, 89A, and 89B, alternative configurations ofmultidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine 710 asillustrated in FIG. 83 are depicted. FIG. 88 depicts an embodiment inwhich ducts 716 a and 716 b diverge from impeller 714 as measured byangle alpha. Duct 716 a serves as an inlet duct, while duct 716 b servesas an outlet duct, as determined by disposal fluid 722 acrossmultidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine 710. Impeller 714is disposed within impeller housing 712. Though this particularembodiment illustrates a single impeller 714, in alternative embodimentsone or more than one impellers 714 may be employed. Additionally inalternative embodiments when additional impellers 714 are employed, eachimpeller may rotate in different directions. For example one impeller714 may rotate in a clockwise fashion, while another rotates in acounterclockwise fashion.

In operation as fluid flow 722 enters duct 716 a, fluid 722 converges asit approaches impeller 714 and impeller housing 712. The convergence offluid flow 722 causes additional pressure to be exerted on impeller 714and in turn transfers additional energy to impeller 714 and causingimpeller 714 to rotate at a greater rate than if fluid flow 722 did notconverge. As fluid flow 722 is dispelled past impeller 714 through duct716 b, fluid flow 722 diverges along the expansion of duct 716 b andbegins flows at a slower rate.

FIG. 89A illustrates duct 716 a articulated inwards and partiallycollapsed at angle alpha to establish a nozzle 728 while duct 716 barticulated outwards and partially expanded. In operation as fluid 722is exerted towards the nozzle, adjustable duct 716 a the convergence ofduct 716 causes a pressure buildup along at the nozzle 728. As fluid 722surpasses nozzle, additional pressure is transmitted towards impeller714 in order to create a greater amount of rotation than would otherwiseamount if adjustable duct 716 a was oriented parallel to fluid flow 722.

FIG. 89B illustrates ducts 716 a and 716 b pivoted inwards and partiallycollapsed at angle alpha to establish nozzles 728 a and 728 b. Inoperation, as fluid flow 722 approaches nozzle 728 a, additionalpressure is conveyed towards nozzle 728 b. Due to adjustable duct 716 bbeing articulated inwards and partially collapsed to establish nozzle728 b, a greater pressure is maintained within multidirectionalhydrokinetic power generating turbine 710 creating an even greateramount of flow to be forced towards impeller 714 than would otherwiseoccur as illustrated by FIG. 89A. Ducts 716 a and 716 b may be definedby any of a variety of functions including a frusto-conical shape,parabolic curve, square to circular cone and other configurations. Theinterior of the cone may also be contoured with grooves or otherdepressions or extensions, fins etc. to facilitate flow. In some cases,rifling on the inside of the cone may be used to enhance flow.

FIGS. 88, 89A, and 89B illustrate only several of configurations thatmultidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine 710 and itsadjustable ducts 716 may take. In alternative embodiments, flow ducts716 a and 716 b may be fully or partially diverged or converged. Furtherin alternative configurations, multiple adjustable flow ducts 716 maybelocated both before and after impeller 714. In yet other configurations,a multidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine may have one,two, or any other number of ducts 716 before, after, in front, or behindimpeller 714. Alternatively in other embodiments, impeller-housing 712may encompass more than one impeller 714. Further, each impeller 714need not be the same size other impellers 714. In yet other embodiments,impellers 714 may be mounted outside of impeller housing 712. Anglealpha can represent the curvature of a plane of fluid formed by lines,because engineered curvatures can increase the overall efficiency andpower generation of the unit.

Referring now to FIGS. 90A and 90B, side views of multidirectionalhydrokinetic power generating turbine 710 are depicted to show expandedand retracted positions of adjustable ducts 716. Controlling arms 724attach controllers 720 to adjustable ducts 716. Controllers 720 moveadjustable ducts 716 through controlling arms 724 which are attached toduct leafs 713. Duct leafs 713 articulate adjustable ducts 716 toestablish various nozzling positions and in turn control the disposaland amount of a fluid imposed upon impeller 714. Depending on disposalof fluid imposed upon impeller 714, controllers 720 may articulateadjustable ducts 716 via duct leafs 713 to establish various flows thatconverge and diverge. In alternative embodiments multidirectionalhydrokinetic power generating turbine 710 need not me composed entirelyof adjustable flow ducts 716 or duct leafs 713. In some embodimentsseveral flow ducts 716 may be fixed while other flow ducts 716 may beadjustable. In yet other embodiments several duct leafs 713 may be fixedwhile other duct leafs 713 are adjustable. In operation, duct 716 may beangled upward, downward, or side to side to meet the optimal flowdirection present at any one time.

Referring now to FIGS. 91A, 91B, and 91C perspective, frontal, and rearviews of alternative embodiments of impeller 714 are illustratedrespectively. Impeller 714 may include both rotors 730 and stators 732.Stators 732 may be either be “swirl” inducing or “non swirl” inducing.Stators 732 provide added control of pressure drop recovery after rotors730 which allows for higher efficiency and power output. Stators 732induce a “swirl” in the flow field which also enhances the powerproduction above and beyond “non swirl” stators 732 and can be as highas 30% to 50% more than a non-swirl stator. Alternative preferredembodiments include stators 732 (non swirl and swirl) in amultidirectional hydrokinetic power generating turbine where stators 732are used for other purposes than just the mechanical support of theshaft. Impeller 714 may be bottom mounted, piling mounted or suspendedfrom the surface or positively buoyant and anchored/moored to thebottom, or in converging/diverging nozzles, in single or dual ducts orwithout a duct. The blades of both rotors 730 and stators 732 mayinclude variable pitch blades which can be set using manual or automaticcontrols as desired.

In the present embodiment, rotors 730 may be considered to be orientedin a counterclockwise fashion while stators 732 may be considered to beoriented in a clockwise fashion. However, in alternative embodiments,rotors 730 and stators 732 may be positioned in an alternative fashion.For example rotors 730 may oriented in a clockwise fashion while stators732 may be oriented in a counterclockwise fashion.

Multi directional hydro kinetic turbines and impeller housing may bedesigned such that the turbine rotor and impeller housing can be raisedand lowered to change the vertical position of the dual ductedmultidirectional hydro kinetic turbines, without necessity for removalfrom an active fluid or removal from service. The benefit of this isthat if a high speed flow changes to a vertical orientation themultidirectional hydro kinetic turbines can reposition to absorb amaximum amount of energy. Multidirectional hydro kinetic turbines may bebottom mounted, piling mounted or suspended from a surface or positivelybuoyant and anchored/moored to a surface, while havingconverging/diverging nozzles and including single or dual adjustableducts or alternatively include an impeller without an impeller housingin a fluid flow.

System for generation of power through movement of fluid may alsoinclude various additional mechanisms including DC generators, ACGenerators, asynchronous systems, synchronous systems, permanent magnetsincluding rare earth magnets and the like.

The components of system for power generation through movement of fluidand its various components may be made from a wide variety of materials.System for generation of power through movement of fluid may alsoinclude various additional mechanisms including DC generators, ACGenerators, asynchronous systems, synchronous systems, permanent magnetsincluding rare earth magnets and the like. These materials making upsystem for power generation through movement of fluid may includemetallic or non-metallic, magnetic or non-magnetic, elastomeric ornon-elastomeric, malleable or non-malleable materials. Non-limitingexamples of suitable materials include metals, plastics, polymers, wood,alloys, composites and the like. The metals may be selected from one ormore metals, such as steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, nickel,magnesium, or any other structural metal. Examples of plastics orpolymers may include, but are not limited to, nylon, polyethylene (PE),polypropylene (PP), polyester (PE), polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE),acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyvinylchloride (PVC),polycarbonate, extruded organic thermosets such as polychloroprene andcombinations thereof, among other plastics. The system for powergeneration through movement of fluid and its various components may bemolded, sintered, machined and/or combinations thereof to form therequired pieces for assembly.

It will be understood that particular embodiments described herein areshown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention.The principal features of this invention can be employed in variousembodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no morethan routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specificprocedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to bewithin the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein canbe made and executed without undue experimentation in light of thepresent disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this inventionhave been described in terms of various embodiments, it will be apparentto those of skill in the art that other variations can be applied to thecompositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of stepsof the method described herein without departing from the concept,spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes andmodifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to bewithin the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

1. A system for power generation through movement of fluid comprising: apower generating cell comprising: a generally cylindrical housing; aring for rotating disposed in said housing; one or more impellersfixedly coupled to said ring; and a generator operably coupled to saidring for receiving energy from the one or more impellers; wherein fluidis disposed about one or more impellers for creating energy.
 2. Thesystem for power generation through movement of fluid of claim 1,further comprising; a chain member operably coupling the powergenerating cell to the generator for keeping the chain member and thepower generating cell in constant communication.
 3. The system for powergeneration through movement of fluid of claim 2, the generator furthercomprising a rotatably attached first sprocket member for engaging thechain member to transmit energy to the generator.
 4. The system forpower generation through movement of fluid of claim 1, furthercomprising a first sprocket member and a second sprocket member; whereinthe first sprocket member is operably coupled to the generator; andwherein the second sprocket member is disposed between the powergenerating cell and the power generating cell such that the secondsprocket member and the first sprocket member communicate energy betweenthe power generating cell and the generator.
 5. The system for powergeneration through movement of fluid of claim 4, further comprising achain member coupled to the first sprocket member, the second sprocketmember, and the power generating cell for transferring fluid energybetween the generator and the power generating cell.
 6. The system forpower generation through movement of fluid of claim 5 further comprisinga tensioner operably disposed between a first gearing mechanism and asecond gearing mechanism drawing tension in the chain member.
 7. Thesystem for power generation through movement of fluid of claim 1,further comprising a cross brace disposed between the rounded outer wallfor supporting the power generating cell in rotation.
 8. The system forpower generation through movement of fluid of claim 1, wherein the ringfurther comprises one or more grooves for coupling a chain member.
 9. Asystem for power generation through movement of fluid comprising: apower generating cell comprising: a rounded outer wall; a ring forrotating along the outer wall; one or more impellers fixedly coupled tothe ring; and a generator for receiving energy from the one or moreimpellers having a first sprocket member in communication with the powergenerating cell via a second sprocket member; wherein fluid is disposedabout the power generating cell to cause the one or more impellers torotate which is transmitted to the generator via the first sprocketmember and the second sprocket member.
 10. The system for powergeneration through movement of fluid of claim 9 further comprising achain member coupled to the first sprocket member and the secondsprocket member for transmitting energy between the power generatingcell and the generator.
 11. The system for power generation throughmovement of fluid of claim 10 wherein said sprockets have a gear ratiofrom 2:1 to 60:1.
 12. The system for power generation through movementof fluid of claim 10 further comprising a tensioning member extendingfrom the second sprocket member for maintaining tension in the chainmember
 13. The system for power generation through movement of fluid ofclaim 9, wherein the one or more impellers are disposed about alongitudinal midpoint of the rounded outer wall.
 14. The system forpower generation through movement of fluid of claim 9, wherein thetensioning member counter rotates relative to the second sprocket memberfor keeping constant tension on the chain member.
 15. The system forpower generation through movement of fluid of claim 9, the powergenerating cell further comprising a set of cross braces extending aboutan end for stabilizing the power generating cell.
 16. The system forpower generation through movement of fluid of claim 15, the powergenerating cell further comprising a shaft member extending from the oneor more impellers for stabilizing rotation relative to a longitudinalaxis.
 17. A system for power generation through movement of fluidcomprising: a power generating cell comprising: a rounded outer wall; arotatable ring disposed about the outer wall and including grooves forreceiving a chain member; one or more impellers fixedly coupled to thering; and a generator for receiving energy from the one or moreimpellers having a first sprocket member in communication with the powergenerating cell via a second sprocket member; and a member coupling thefirst sprocket member, the second sprocket member, and the grooves fortransmitting energy between the generator and the power generating cell;wherein fluid is disposed about one or more impellers for creatingenergy.
 18. The system for power generation through movement of fluid ofclaim 17, wherein the first sprocket member is a first pulley member,the second sprocket member is a second pulley member, and the member isa belt.
 19. The system for power generation through movement of claim17, the power generating cell further comprising an inlet and an outletduct.
 20. The system for power generation through movement of fluid ofclaim 19, wherein the inlet and the outlet ducts are arranged inconverging and diverging orientations.